Collateral Manage References | Print |

Side effects of plant protection products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym. Trichogrammatidae)

Author: Abdelgader, H.; Hassan, S. A.

Year: 2002

Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP

Volume: 25

Pages: 63-70

Abstract: The side effects of 13 plant protection products (9 insecticides/acaricides, 2 fungicides and 2 herbicides) on adults and immature stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae [T. cacaeciae] were studied in the laboratory. The results showed that one insecticide (Mimic, tebufenozide), and one herbicide (Logran, triasulfuron), were safe to the adults, whereas 6 insecticides and one fungicide were harmful. The other tested insecticides (Naja, fenpyroximate; and Chess, pymetrozine), fungicide (Amistar, azoxystrobin) and herbicide (Gesagard, prometryn) were slightly to moderately harmful. Spraying onto immature stages of T. cacoeciae (within the host eggs Sitotroga cerealella) showed that only one insecticide (Phosdrin, mevinphos) was harmful, two insecticides (Confidor, imidacloprid; and Masai, tebufenpyrad) were slightly harmful and the remaining preparations (Neemazal, azadirachtin; Impuls, spiroxamine; Aztec, triazamate; Dicarzol, formetanate; and Chess) were harmless.

 

Selective toxicity of some pesticides to Hibana velox (Araneae : Anyphaenidae), a predator of citrus leafminer

Author: Amalin, D. M.; Pena, J. E.; Yu, S. J.; McSorley, R.

Year: 2000

Journal: Florida Entomologist

Volume: 83

Pages: 254-262

Abstract: The toxicity of fourteen different pesticides used in 'Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia (Christman) Swingle, to the spider, Hibana velox (Becker) was tested under laboratory conditions. Among the nine pesticides tested using a coated glass vial method, the five broad-spectrum insecticides (azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, ethion, carbaryl, dicofol) were all highly toxic to H, velox, causing 100% mortality even at the lowest concentration. Avermectin and Provado(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as sprays had moderate toxicity; whereas, Admire(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as a drench and Tri-Basic(R) (copper fungicide) caused the lowest percent mortality (10-30%) even at the highest concentration. With a leaf-dip method, petroleum oil exhibited a low toxicity to H. velox. However, when combining petroleum oil with avermectin, a synergistic effect elevated the toxicity to moderate. Azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, and diflubenzuron showed low impact on H. velox. Less than 20% mortality was recorded at the highest concentrations for all of these products.

 

Side-effects of pesticides on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) in the laboratory

Author: Angeli, G.; Baldessari, M.; Maines, R.; Duso, C.

Year: 2005

Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology

Volume: 15

Pages: 745-754

Abstract: Laboratory trials were carried out in order to test the effects of 29 pesticides on the predatory bug, Orius laevigatus. To evaluate residual contact activity, newly moulted fourth instar nymphs of O. laevigatus were placed on treated Petri dishes and their mortality was checked after 7 days. The fecundity of surviving females was tested for 14 days. Young O. laevigatus adults were fed with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, treated with the (above-mentioned) pesticides, to assess the effect of pesticides by ingestion. Adult mortality, female fecundity and egg hatching were recorded. Azadirachtin, granulosis virus products, mineral oil, pirimicarb, tebufenozide, clofentezine, hexythiazox and copper oxychloride had no significant effect on the survival and fecundity of O. laevigatus when predators were exposed to pesticide residues by contact or by ingestion. Triflumuron and diflubenzuron appeared to be harmless by contact, but diflubenzuron was slightly toxic when ingested. Buprofezin and teflubenzuron were slightly to moderately toxic, while hexaflumuron, flufenoxuron, and lufenuron showed a marked toxicity by contact as well as by ingestion. A number of organophosphates, endosulfan and deltamethrin were detrimental especially by contact. Imidacloprid was very toxic by contact but only slightly toxic when ingested. Indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide were less toxic than imidacloprid. These findings should be considered when releases of O. laevigatus are used in greenhouses or on outdoor crops.

 

Short communication. Toxicity of abamectin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, mineral oil and an industrial detergent with respect to Encarsia formosa (Gahan) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood nymphs

Author: Araya, J. E.; Estay, P.; Araya, M. H.

Year: 2006

Journal: Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research

Volume: 4

Pages: 86-90

Abstract: The control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomato with Encarsia formosa is influenced by the use of insecticides. Nine days after allowing E. formosa adults to lay their eggs in T vaporariorum nymphs on tomato plants, insecticide solutions (abamectin, mineral oil, acetamiprid, an industrial detergent and imadacloprid) were applied at the highest recommended dosages to tomato leaflets in Petri dishes using a Potter tower (four replicates, each involving 20 parasitized nymphs). Adult parasitoids began to emerge on day 7 post-application; this lasted 3-4 days, peaking on day 9 post-application. All the tested products killed the E. formosa pupae (an effect significantly different [P <= 0.05] to that achieved with the water control). The products with the greatest toxicity were the detergent (62.99% mortality) and mineral oil (49.55% mortality; no significant difference). The effect of abamectin, the third most toxic agent (33.05% mortality), was not statistically different to that of the mineral oil. Imidacloprid (20.17% mortality) and acetamiprid (20.71% mortality) were the least toxic treatments and could be used (along with abamectin to a lesser extent) in integrated whitefly management programmes involving E. formosa pupae. At the concentrations used, the mineral oil and industrial detergent are not recommended for use in such programmes given their high toxicity to E. formosa pupae.

 

The impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly sown grass

Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O.

Year: 1992

Journal: Annals of Applied Biology

Volume: 120

Pages: 25-39

Abstract: Field scale experiments carried out over three years showed that chlorpyrifos reduced the numbers of several carabid beetle species caught in pitfall traps. Fonofos seed treatment was also shown to affect selected species. Consideration of the biology of individuals of groups of species provided explanations of why some species such as Nebria brevicollis, Notiophilus spp., Bembidion spp., and Trechus quadristriatus were severely affected by one or other of the chemicals, whereas other species (e.g. Amara spp., Harpalus spp.) were able to survive or recolonise pastures shortly after chemical application. Measurements of elytral and pronotal widths and counts of mature eggs in N. brevicollis, which was trapped in reduced numbers over a long period, were made and provided some information about the mode of action of these chemicals.

 

Selectivity of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum reared on two laboratory-reared hosts

Author: Bastos, C. S.; de Almeida, R. P.; Suinaga, F. A.

Year: 2006

Journal: Pest Management Science

Volume: 62

Pages: 91-98

Abstract: The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin, carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S. cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S. cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram, mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect the percentage of F, wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance. (c) 2005 Society of Chemical Industry.

 

Developing an Ecotoxicological Testing Standard for Predatory Mites in Australia: Acute and Sublethal Effects of FUngicides on Euseius victoriensis and Galendromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

Author: Bernard, M.; Carew, M.; Hurst, P.; Horne, P.; Hoffmann, A. A.

Year: 2004

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 97

Pages: 891-899

Abstract: Laboratory bioassays for testing the effect of agrochemicals on Euseius victoriensis (Womersley) and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) on detached leaves of Glycine max (L.) (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French bean) were developed. The tests allowed standardized comparisons between mite species and leaf substrates, under “worst-case scenario” exposure, comparable with commercial pesticide application. Young juveniles, along with their initial food and the entire water supply, were sprayed to the point of runoff by using a Potter spray tower. The highest registered field rate concentration used on French bean was adjusted to deliver the same pesticide dose per higher runoff point spray volume on soybean. Cumulative mortality was assessed at 48 h, 4 d, and 7 d afterspray application. Fecundity was assessed for 7 d from the onset of egg lay. Boscalid (Filan 500 WG), dithianon (Delan 700 WG), and kresoxim-methyl (Stroby 500 WG) caused no significant 7-d mortality or fecundity reduction to G. occidentalis or E. victoriensis compared with controls, and are classified as harmless to both species. Mancozeb (Mancozeb 750 WG) was highly toxic to both species, resulting in severe mortality and fecundity reduction and is considered incompatible with integrated pest management programs that use these species. Metiram (Polyram 700 WG) was highly toxic to E. victoriensis but only moderately toxic to G. occidentalis. Analyses of mortality proportions, including, and excluding unaccounted escapees, produced the same results. Test standardization on leaf substrates provides an alternative approach to standardization via residue on glass used by International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control or Noxious Animals and Plants/West Palaearctic Regional Section regulatory testing in the European Union.


 

Effects of several types of insecticides on the mite predator, stethorus-punctum (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), including insect growth regulators and abamectin

Author: Biddinger, D. J.; Hull, L. A.

Year: 1995

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 88

Pages: 358-366

Abstract: Abamectin, methomyl, several types of insect growth regulators (IGRs), and several organophosphate insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of the coccinellid mite predator, Stethorus punctum (LeConte). Field-collected eggs were dipped into aqueous solutions to evaluate ovicidal activity; field collected mid-instars and adults were tested by a 24-h dry film exposure method. Multiple mortality readings were done over time. Pupal mortality was evaluated in field plots that received biweekly applications. Fenoxycarb was ovicidal in the laboratory and disrupted the larval-pupal molt in the field. Abamectin was toxic to S. punctum larvae and adults in the laboratory and methomyl was toxic to adults. Teflubenzuron was toxic to the pupal stage in the field; along with fenoxycarb, this IGR caused late-season increases of phytophagous mite populations in field trials. Tebufenozide was not toxic to all S. punctum stages in the laboratory and field. S. punctum was tolerant to all organophosphate insecticides tested.

 

Effect of pesticide mixtures on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis AH (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory

Author: Blumel, S.; Gross, M.

Year: 2001

Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie

Volume: 125

Pages: 201-205

Abstract: The acaricide hexythiazox (Acorit(R) SC, 100 g a.i.l(-1)), the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton spezial(R) WG, 52 g a.i.kg(-1)) and the insecticide heptenophos (Hostaquick(R) EC: 550 g a.i.l(-1)), were tested in the laboratory for their side-effects on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis A.H. The pesticides were either applied separately at a range of concentrations or in admixture to detached bean leaves using a Potter Tower to deposit 2 mg spray solution per cm(2) No significant differences in the mean mortality rate of the phytoseiid or in the mean reproduction per female was found between the different treatments. Total effect values ranged from 5.4 to 38.7% after separate application of the test products and from 8.9 to 25.5% after treatment with the various pesticide mixtures.

 

Comparative trials on the effects of two fungicides on a predatory mite in the laboratory and in the field

Author: Blumel, S.; Pertl, C.; Bakker, F. M.

Year: 2000

Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata

Volume: 97

Pages: 321-330

Abstract: Both laboratory tests with the open glass plate method of Louis & Ufer (1995) and a field study in a vineyard were carried out to test the side effects of the two fungicides, Dithane Ultra WG75 and Polyram Combi WG70, on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). The effects of both fungicides in the residual contact test in the laboratory were more pronounced than the actual effects obtained in the field even after multiple application of the test products. The study results suggest, that for the selected test products the current laboratory guidelines correctly triggered the field test. Methodological problems of the laboratory test due to the repellent effect of the fungicides are discussed.

 

Vineyard pesticides and their effects on invertebrate biomarkers and bioindicator species in New Zealand

Author: Booth, L. H.; Bithell, S. L.; Wratten, S. D.; Heppelthwaite, V. J.

Year: 2003

Journal: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volume: 71

Pages: 1131-1138

Abstract: Unavailable

 

Effects of five fungicides used in Quebec apple orchards on Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Phytoseiidae : Acari)

Author: Bostanian, N. J.; Thistlewood, H.; Racette, G.

Year: 1998

Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology

Volume: 73

Pages: 527-530

Abstract: The toxicity of the fungicides captan, dodine, mancozeb, metiram and myclobutanil to adults, nymphs and 0-24 h eggs of Amblyseius fallacis was evaluated in the laboratory. Dodine and mancozeb reduced egg hatch significantly in comparison with water controls and dodine was the most toxic to the nymphs. Captan and metiram had no effect and the remaining fungicides were of intermediate toxicity. None of the fungicides affected the longevity and the fecundity of young females.

 

Relative toxicity of permethrin to Mononychellus-progresivus Doreste and Tetranychus-urticae Koch (acari, tetranychidae) and their predators Amblyseius-limonicus Garman and McGregor (acari, phytoseiidae) and Oligota-minuta cameron (coleoptera, staphylinidae) - bioassays and field validation

Author: Braun, A. R.; Guerrero, J. M.; Bellotti, A. C.; Wilson, L. T.

Year: 1987

Journal: Environmental Entomology

Volume: 16

Pages: 545-550

Abstract: Unavailable

 

Effect of the insecticides abamectin and lufenuron on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa under laboratory conditions

Author: Bueno, A. F.; Freitas, S.

Year: 2004

Journal: Biocontrol

Volume: 49

Pages: 277-283

Abstract: The side effects of two insecticides/acaricides, abamectin and lufenuron, on the eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) were studied in the laboratory (25 +/- 2degreesC, 62 +/- 10% RH and 12-h photophase). The analytical methods used were those proposed by the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC)-Working Group for 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'. Chrysoperla externa egg viability was not affected by abamectin. Neonate larvae from abamectin sprayed eggs as well as first, second and third instar larvae that were directly treated, developed normally and yielded normal adults. Lufenuron presented no adverse effects on egg survival. However, lufenuron induced high mortality in neonate larvae from treated eggs. These neonates, as well as lufenuron treated first and second instar larvae could not molt. In the third instar, high pupal mortality occurred. The results showed that abamectin is innocuous and that lufenurom is toxic to Chrysoperla externa eggs and larvae.

 

Assessing the environmental impacts of pesticides used on processing tomato crops

Author: Bues, R.; Bussieres, P.; Dadomo, M.; Dumas, Y.; Garcia-Pomar, M. I.; Lyannaz, J. P.

Year: 2004

Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment

Volume: 102

Pages: 155-162

Abstract: The environmental impacts of pesticides used on processing tomato crops at 10 experimental sites of five Mediterranean countries and on the Reunion Island were assessed over 3 years using two different methods. The indicator obtained using the environmental impact quotients (EIQ) of pesticides method was highly correlated with the amount of active ingredients used, whereas the indicator based on the pesticide environmental impact (IPEST) method was highly correlated with the number of treatments applied. Both methods showed that fungicides were largely responsible for the estimated impacts. The EIQ method showed that the impact was greater on non-human biota than farmworkers and consumers. The indicators obtained using these two methods were only slightly correlated with each other but both methods used together provided a more complete analysis of the impacts of pesticides. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

 

Toxicity of some insecticides to Tetranychus urticae, Neoseiulus californicus and Tydeus californicus

Author: Castagnoli, M.; Liguori, M.; Simoni, S.; Duso, C.

Year: 2005

Journal: Biocontrol

Volume: 50

Pages: 611-622

Abstract: Three mite species are frequently found on vegetable crops in Italy: the pest Tetranychus urticae Koch ( Acari: Tetranychidae), the predator Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) ( Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the unspecialised feeder Tydeus californicus ( Banks) ( Acari: Tydeidae). In laboratory trials, the direct and residual effects of six insecticides recommended for the control of aphids, whiteflies and thrips in vegetable crops, (Biopiren(R) plus ( pyrethrins), Confidor(R) ( imidacloprid), Oikos(R) ( azadirachtin), Plenum(R) (pymetrozine), Naturalis(R) (Beauveria bassiana) and Rotena(R) ( rotenone)), were evaluated for the three mite species. All the products affected the mites and their effect was often favourable towards T. urticae and unfavourable towards N. californicus and T. californicus. Rotenone was more toxic to eggs than females of T. urticae. It was highly toxic to N. californicus and caused the death of all treated females of T. californicus. Pyrethrins and imidacloprid increased T. urticae fecundity, but decreased fecundity of N. californicus. Imidacloprid decreased T. californicus fecundity more than pyrethrins. Beauveria bassiana was not toxic to T. urticae and T. californicus, but induced high mortality in the progeny of treated females of N. californicus. Azadirachtin and pymetrozine were the least toxic to T. urticae and N. californicus, but decreased production of larvae in T. californicus. Implications for integrated pest management on vegetables are discussed.

 

Comparative residual toxicities of pesticides to the predator Euseius mesembrinus (Acari : Phytoseiidae) on citrus in Florida

Author: Childers, C. C.; Aguilar, H.; Villanueva, R.; Abou-Setta, M. M.

Year: 2001

Journal: Florida Entomologist

Volume: 84

Pages: 391-401

Abstract: Residual toxicities of registered and selected experimental pesticides used on citrus against Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were compared. A tractor-drawn airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 2,338 liters/ha was used to apply pesticides at one or more recommended rates on mature 'Ruby Red' grapefruit trees. Pesticides rated as highly toxic were: azinphos-methyl 50WP at 4.48 kg/ha, dicofol 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha, formetanate 92SP at 5.84 kg/ha, dimethoate 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha, malathion 57EC at 5.85 liters/ha, propargite 6.55EC at 3.51 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 1.68 kg/ha + ferbam 76GF at 5.60 kg/ha, ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR plus at 18.7 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, ethion 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 1.46 liters/ha, and pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha. Pesticides that were moderately to slightly toxic were: sulfur 80DF at 16.81 kg/ha, abamectin 0.15EC at 731 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 971 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, FC435-66 petroleum oil at 93.5 liters/ha, and chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha. Pesticides that were considered non-toxic were: FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl 80S at 4.48 kg/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 971 mna, chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha, fenbuconazole 2F at 292 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, copper hydroxide 77WP at 4.48 kg metallic/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, and fenbuconazole 2F at 584 ml;ha. Ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, benomyl 50WP + ferbam 76GF, carbaryl SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR Plus + FC435-66 petroleum oil, and benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha had significantly higher numbers of missing females from treated leaf surfaces suggesting these products were repellent, irritating, and/or excitatory to the gravid females.

 

Toxic effects of spinosad on predatory insects

Author: Cisneros, J.; Goulson, D.; Derwent, L. C.; Penagos, D. I.; Hernandez, O.; Williams, T.

Year: 2002

Journal: Biological Control

Volume: 23

Pages: 156-163

Abstract: Spinosad (Dow AgroSciences) is a mixture of tetracyclic-macrolide compounds produced by a soil actinomycete and has been classified as a bioinsecticide. Spinosad is highly active against Lepidoptera but is reported to be practically nontoxic to insect natural enemies. We assessed the impact of Spinosad in a granular maize-flour formulation on a selection of insect predators over periods of 2-14 days. In all cases, the quantities of Spinosad used were less than the maximum recommended rates given on the product label. Adults of Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) suffered a high prevalence of mortality following consumption of 1000 or 2000 ppm Spinosad active ingredient (a.i.), but little mortality at 200 ppm. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) did not consume the granular formulation and suffered little overall mortality. After 14 days of exposure, the earwig, Doru taeniatum (Dohrn) (Dermaptera:Forficulidae), suffered 48% mortality in the 1.2 ppm Spinosad treatment increasing to 98% in the 1200 ppm Spinosad treatment compared to 20% in controls. Earwigs suffered 86% mortality/intoxication 72 h after feeding on Spinosad-contaminated Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) larvae. A field trial was performed to compare applications of commercial granular chlorpyrifos and Spinosad in maize-flour granules (200 and 2000 ppm ad.; 4.8-48 g a.i./ha, respectively) or as an aqueous spray (160 ppm ad.; 48 g a.i/ha) on earwigs held inside gauze bags. Mortality of earwigs on control plants was less than 15% at 2 days postapplication compared to 33% on plants treated with granular chlorpyrifos, 83% on plants sprayed with 160 ppm Spinosad, and 91-95% on plants treated with 200-2000 ppm Spinosad granules, respectively. Further mortality in the 24-h period postsampling ranged from <5% in control treatments, to 9% in the chlorpyrifos treatment, and to 55-65% in the Spinosad spray and granule treatments. We conclude that Spinosad cannot be considered to have an environmental safety profile similar to most established biological insecticides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science.

 

Effect of insecticides on mealybug destroyer (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) and parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae), natural enemies of citrus mealybug (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae)

Author: Cloyd, R. A.; Dickinson, A.

Year: 2006

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 99

Pages: 1596-1604

Abstract: In this study, we measured, under laboratory conditions, the direct and indirect effects of insecticides on mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), natural enemies of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). The adult stages of both natural enemies were exposed to sprays of the insecticides buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, flonicamid, acetamiprid, dinoteforan, and clothianidin at label-recommended rates to assess direct mortality after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The effects of the insecticides on L. dactylopii parasitization rate and percentage of parasitoid emergence also were monitored using the label and 4X the recommended label rate. Dinotefuran was extremely detrimental to the adult parasitoid at the label rate with 100% mortality after 24 h. Buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid were not harmful to L. dactylopii when applied at the label rate. At 4X the recommended label rate, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, and clothianidin were all harmful to the parasitoid with 100% mortality 72 h after application. Both buprofezin and flonicamid were not toxic to L. dactylopii with 100% adult survival after 72 h. Pyriproxyfen and flonicamid, at both the label and 4X the recommended label rate, did not negatively affect L. dactylopii parasitization rate or percentage of parasitoid emergence. Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, and clothianidin were toxic to C. montrouzieri adults with 100% mortality after 48 h, whereas buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid demonstrated minimal (10-20% mortality after 48 h) harmful effects to the predator. Based on the results from our study, the indirect effects of the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin were not decisive; however, the IGR pyriproxyfen and the insecticide flonicamid were not directly or indirectly harmful to the predator C. montrouzieri and parastioid L. dactylopii, indicating that these insecticides are compatible with both natural enemies when used together for control of citrus mealybug in greenhouses and conservatories.

 

Selectivity of insecticides to the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988, (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Author: Consoli, F. L.; Botelho, P. S. M.; Parra, J. R. P.

Year: 2001

Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie

Volume: 125

Pages: 37-43

Abstract: Trichogramma galloi Zucchi is an efficient biological control agent against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in sugarcane fields in Brazil. This parasitoid is also a candidate to be used in pest management programmes in corn, as D. saccharalis has become a serious pest of this crop in some areas in Brazil. However, there is no data on the side-effects of chemicals on this species. The side-effects of promising chemicals to control the sugarcane borer in corn were tested by dipping eggs of the factitious host into the insecticidal solutions. Two different treatments were tested. First, dipping parasitized host eggs at different stages of immature development (egg-larva, prepupa and pupa), and second, by offering treated eggs to newly emerged females. The toxicity of the chemicals tested were dependent on the age of the parasitoid, affecting the immature survival. developmental time from egg to adult, parasitization capacity, adult longevity and the development of the filial generation. Spinosad. tebufenozide, triflumuron and lufenuron delayed adult eclosion of T. galloi when used to treat the host egg during the pupal stage. Spinosad was harmful when tested against any immature stage and adults of T. galloi. Lufenuron and triflumuron were harmful only when applied during the egg-larval development of the parasitoid. Although they did not affect the pa rasitization capacity, they caused almost 100% mortality of the immatures when used to treat eggs prior to parasitization. Tebufenozide was harmless to T. galloi causing a very slight immature mortality if used during the prepupal development.

 

Side-effects of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae)

Author: Consoli, F. L.; Parra, J. R. P.; Hassan, S. A.

Year: 1998

Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie

Volume: 122

Pages: 43-47

Abstract: Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important natural enemy used for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomato fields in several countries in South America. The side-effects of insecticides on T. pretiosum was tested by dipping parasitized host eggs (Ephestia kuchniella Zeller) at three different development stages (egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae)in pesticide solution at recommended concentrations. The insecticides varied in their toxicity and significantly affected the development time of the immature stages, emergence, parasitism and longevity of the adult parasitoid. Cartap and phenthoate were harmful and caused total mortality in all the experiments in the three stages of development tested. Lambda-cyhalothrin was not detrimental but caused a significant increase in mortality, prolonged development of the immature stages and decreased the capacity of parasitism of the emerged females. Tebufenozide, teflubenzuron and abamectin had sublethal effects. They reduced the time of development, especially when applied during the pupae stage. The capacity of parasitism of emerged females decreased and was affected by the stage of development treated. With abamectin treatments, parasitism decreased as the development of the parasitoid advanced and the mortality of the emerged adults from host eggs treated during the pupae stage was significantly higher. Tebufenozide reduced parasitism when applied during the egg-larval and pre-pupae stages. The results showed that cartap and phenthoate were harmful, lambda-cyalothrin and abamectin were intermediate, tebufenozide and teflubenzuron were harmless to slightly harmful. Nearly all the chemicals tested had significant sublethal effects.

 

Managing spider mites on fruit trees

Author: Cranham, J. E.

Year: 1979

Journal: Span

Volume: 22

Pages: 28-30

Abstract: Unavailable

 

Effect of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin applications on nontarget invertebrates in a conservation tillage crop

Author: Curtis, J. E.; Horne, P. A.

Year: 1995

Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society

Volume: 34

Pages: 229-231

Abstract: The short-term impact of two commonly used insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) on predatory species of invertebrates, including carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and a pest beetle, Gonocephalum adelaidae Blackburn (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), was assessed in a faba bean crop (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) grown under conservation-tillage. The project aimed to identify which, if any, of the key beneficial or pest invertebrates that are active on the soil surface were affected by foliar applications of insecticides. The activity of some species, reflected by numbers of pit Fall trapped individuals, was affected within 24 h. There was a brief (1-d) increase, followed by a reduction in the number of G. adelaidae, L. truncata and carabids captured in the cypermethrin sprayed plots when compared to the control and chlorpyrifos treatments. The numbers of carabids captured declined in both insecticide treatments for the remainder of the study period, but neither treatment had any observed effect on G. adelaidae, L. truncata or lycosid spiders.

 

The impact of fungicides to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) on the predatory mite Anystis baccarum and its prey Aculus schlechtendali (apple rust mite) in Northern Ireland Bramley orchards

Author: Cuthbertson, A. G. S.; Murchie, A. K.

Year: 2003

Journal: Crop Protection

Volume: 22

Pages: 1125-1130

Abstract: Apple scab is the most serious disease in Northern Ireland Bramley orchards: As a result, as many as 14 fungicide sprays can be applied each season to control the disease. Anystis baccarum is a commonly occurring predatory mite in the orchards. The effects of three commonly used fungicides (captan/penconazole, mancozeb and dithianon) on A. baccarum and the pest mite Aculus schlechtendali were investigated. On the mancozeb treated trees there were fewer A. baccarum and more A. schlechtendali compared to the other treatments, although the latter result was probably due to the condition of the leaves in this treatment. Dithianon had no detrimental effect on A. baccarum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

 

Selectivity of inseticides to eggs and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae)

Author: de Carvalho, G. A.; Morais, A. A.; Rocha, L. C. D.; Godoy, M. S.; Cosme, L. V.

Year: 2005

Journal: Neotropical Entomology

Volume: 34

Pages: 423-427

Abstract: The predator Orius insidiosus (Say) feeds on thrips, aphids, whiteflies, mites and small caterpillars and contributes to regulate the population of these pests in different agroecossystems. The present research aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the pesticides abamectin, cartap, cyromazine, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid, which are registered for chrysanthemum crops, to eggs and first-, second- and third-instar nymphs of O. insidiosus. A Potter tower was used to spray the insecticides on the eggs and nymphs at the highest recommended rates. After spraying, the individuals were kept under controlled conditions at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10 % RH and 12h photophase. The effects of the pesticides on the embryonic period, on egg viability, instar duration and nymph survival were evaluated. The eggs of O. insidiosus were tolerant to all pesticides. Both cartap and cyromazine were selective, whereas abamectin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid were toxic to all tested instars of O. insidiosus. Fenpropathrin was the most toxic pesticide and killed 100 % of the nymphs. The insecticides cartap and cyromazine can be recommended for integrated pest management programs in chrysanthemum crops.

 

Toxicity of diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)

Author: Delbeke, F.; Vercruysse, P.; Tirry, L.; De Clercq, P.; Degheele, D.

Year: 1997

Journal: Entomophaga

Volume: 42

Pages: 349-358

Abstract: The susceptibility of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Fieber) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, the nitroguanidine insecticide imidacloprid and the thiourea compound diafenthiuron was investigated in the laboratory. Fifth-instar nymphs were exposed to formulated materials of each compound and adults were exposed to formulated materials of diafenthiuron and imidacloprid. In each case, exposure via ingestion and residual contact was tested. Pyriproxyfen was harmless to O. laevigatus nymphs by both ways of exposure. The respective LC50-values of diflubenzuron via ingestion and residual contact were 229.9 and 391.1 mg a.i./l. Diafenthiuron did not cause significant mortality to fifth-instar nymphs and adults via ingestion but was toxic by residual contact with LC50-values of 329.4 mg a.i./l and 125.9 mg a.i./l for nymphs and adults respectively. Imidacloprid proved to be the most toxic compound with LC,, values of 1.1 and 0.04 mg a.i./l for nymphs and 2.1 and 0.3 mg a.i./l for adults, via ingestion and residual contact, respectively. The results suggest that use of pyriproxyfen in an integrated pest management programme will not cause any problems but that imidacloprid, and to a lesser extent, also diflubenzuron and diafenthiuron could be harmful to the predator.

 

The toxicity of 2 pyrethroids to  Encarsia formosa and its host Trialeurodes vaporariorum: prospecting for a resistant strain of the parasite.

Author: Delorme, R.; Berthier, A.

Year: 1985

Journal: Pesticide Science

Volume: 16

Pages: 213-214

Abstract: The toxicity of bioresmethrin and deltamethrin has been studied on the host-parasite couple Trialeurodes vaporariorum-Encarsia formosa. Long term trials were used under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were applied to the plant at all stages of host and parasite development. The two products studied showed some toxicity to E. formosa. Bioresmethrin, a poorly persistent insecticide, could be used with care in integrated control; deltamethrin, a highly persistent product, must be excluded. Attempts to obtain strains of E. formosa resistant to deltamethrin were made. The selection pressure applied during 21 successive generations failed to produce a significant and stable resistance level.

 

The toxicity of commonly used orchard chemicals to Stethorus nigripes (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).

Author: Edwards, B.A.B.; Hodgson, P.J.

Year: 1973

Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomology Society

Volume: 12

Pages: 222-224

Abstract: The toxicity of 40 pesticides commonly used in orchards to adults of the rpedatory coccinellid, Stethorus nigripes (Kapur), was determined.  Twelve of these chemicals including azinphos methyl 0.05%, carbaryl 0.1%, malathion 0.05% and aminocarb 0.075% proved to be highly toxic to the beetles while fifteen chemicals were relatively non-toxic.  These latter materials and possibly some with intermediate toxicity could be considered for use in an integrated control programme.

 

The implications of copper fungicide usage in vineyards for earthworm activity and resulting sustainable soil quality

Author: Eijsackers, H.; Beneke, P.; Maboeta, M.; Louw, J. P. E.; Reinecke, A. J.

Year: 2005

Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Volume: 62

Pages: 99-111

Abstract: To investigate the impact of copper-containing fungicides (copper oxychloride) on earthworms in South African vineyards, field inventories of earthworms in and between vine rows were carried out and compared to directly adjacent grassland. Also copper content, pH, organic matter content, and soil porosity were determined in these soils. This was combined with laboratory experiments to study the impact of vineyard soil characteristics on the burrowing and dispersal behavior of earthworms. Moreover, the direct toxic action of copper oxychloride on different endpoints of the earthworms (survival and growth) was studied. Copper oxychloride had a negative impact on these endpoints (decreased growth and survival related to increased copper body content) as well as on the behavioral aspect (decreased burrowing rate and avoidance of copper-containing soil). Moreover, there was an inverse relation between burrowing activity and soil bulk density that could also be related to the copper content. This may lead to a decrease in sustainable soil quality in vineyards. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

 

Imidacloprid, a novel chlorotinyl insecticide: biological activity and agricultural imporatnce.

Author: Elbert, A.; Nauen, R.; Leight, W.

Year: 1998

Editor: Ishaaya, I.; Degheele, D.

Book Title: Insecticides with novel modes of action

City: Berlin, Germany

Publisher: Springer-Verlag

Pages: 50-73

Short Title: Imidacloprid, a novel chlorotinyl insecticide: biological activity and agricultural imporatnce.

Abstract: This book conveys a wealth of information on pesticide chemistry, biochemical modes of action, biological activity, and theory of pesticide application for management programs. Emphasis is placed on novel biological insecticides which block certain stages in the development of pest insects. Special attention is given to insecticides with selective properties. Their role in integrated pest management programs and in insecticide resistance management strategies is discussed. The data and concepts presented are essential in establishing new technologies and developing novel groups of compounds which will determine our future agricultural practices. Everybody involved in crop protection and developing new insecticide chemistry from universities to chemical industries will benefit from this volume.

 

Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera : lygaeidae)

Author: Elzen, G. W.

Year: 2001

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 94

Pages: 55-59

Abstract: Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes of action. using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were: azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan, chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable variation in response between both species tested to the insecticides. Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O. insidiosus than malathion. Imidacloprid tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil. Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to female G. punctipesper than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control. Consumption of II. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to C. punctipes is consistent with other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pasts: malathion, endosulfan, profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide, azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing beneficial species.

 

Lethal and sublethal effects of selected insecticides - On Geocoris punctipes

Author: Elzen, G. W.; Elzen, P. J.

Year: 1999

Journal: Southwestern Entomologist

Volume: 24

Pages: 199-205

Abstract: Adults of the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), from a laboratory culture, were exposed to selected insecticides and insect growth regulators (IGR's) using a foliar insecticide residue bioassay. Methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and spinosad were not toxic to male and female G. punctipes at the recommended rates, while chlorfenapyr produced only partial mortality. At recommended rates, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr significantly reduced the fecundity of G. punctipes compared with a control. Most of the chemicals tested had no effect on host egg consumption of G. punctipes, whereas a recommended rate of chlorfenapyr increased egg consumption. Tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, and chlorfenapyr appear very good for inclusion in IPM in cotton while chlorfenapyr seems fairly good.

 

Lethal and sublethal effects of selected insecticides and an insect growth regulator on the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae)

Author: Elzen, G. W.; Maldonado, S. N.; Rojas, M. G.

Year: 2000

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 93

Pages: 300-303

Abstract: A laboratory culture of Catolaccus grandis (Burks), an ectoparasitoid of the Loll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, was exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of insecticides and an insect growth regulator using a spray chamber bioassay. Materials tested were azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, fipronil, malathion, cyfluthrin, dimethoate, spinosad, methyl parathion, acephate, oxamyl, and tebufenozide. At full rates, spinosad was significantly less toxic to female C. grandis than other treatments except endosulfan. Fipronil and malathion were significantly more toxic to females than other treatments. Most of the chemicals tested were highly toxic to male C. grandis: spinosad was least toxic. At reduced rates, most of 4 selected chemicals tested were low in toxicity to C. grandis; however, a reduced rate of malathion was significantly more toxic to females than other treatments. No C. grandis pupae developed from parasitism during a 24-h treatment period with malathion or spinosad. The sex ratio of progeny from sprayed adults appeared to Le unaffected by the treatments.

 

Effects of foliar and soil insecticide applications on the collembolan community of an early set-aside arable field

Author: Endlweber, K.; Schadler, M.; Scheu, S.

Year: 2006

Journal: Applied Soil Ecology

Volume: 31

Pages: 136-146

Abstract: Effects of foliar and soil insecticide applications on collembolan density and community structure were investigated in an early set-aside arable field. Insecticides were applied separately and in combination to the soil surface (chlorpyrifos) and vegetation (dimethoate). The treatments were established to investigate effects of above- and below-ground insects on plant succession. Starting in 1997, the insecticides were applied from April to November at 2-week (dimethoate) or monthly intervals (chlorpyrifos). Samples were taken in 2000 prior to and after insecticide application in March and June, respectively. Both insecticides are lethal to Collembola and insecticide applications resulted in a strong decline in the density of total Collembola. Application of chlorpyrifos reduced collembolan density to a greater extent than dimethoate; the effect of the combined application on total collembolan numbers was similar to that of chlorpyrifos only. Collembolan numbers recovered after the insecticide applications in 1999, but in the treated plots populations were still reduced in March 2000 before the re-application of insecticide treatments in that year. The insecticide applications changed the dominance structure of the collembolan community, but had no effects on species composition. The results may be of relevance for the interpretation of studies on plant-insect herbivore interactions using insecticides. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

 

Effects of spinosad and indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)

Author: Galvan, T. L.; Koch, R. L.; Hutchison, W. D.

Year: 2005

Journal: Biological Control

Volume: 34

Pages: 108-114

Abstract: Use of selective insecticides, such as spinosad and indoxacarb. that are more toxic to lepidopteran pests than to Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), could facilitate conservation of this predator in sweet corn integrated pest management (IPM), We examined the effects of spinosad and indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of H. axyridis by spraying first instars and adult females. Treatments for the first instar assay were spinosad at 10.25, and 50% of the field rate (FR). indoxacarb at 10% FR. and water (untreated check). We recorded survival of each life stage, developmental time to adults and adult weight. Treatments for the adult female assay were spinosad at 50 and 100% FR, indoxacarb at 50% FR. and water (control), Each day. we recorded female survival and reproductive capacity. Indoxacarb decreased survival of first instars and adults, extended the developmental time for first instars to become adults, and reduced the fecundity of H. axyridis females. Spinosad decreased survival of first instars. extended the time for first instars to become adults, decreased weight gain, and reduced the fertility of H. axyridis females. Our results Suggest that spinosad and indoxacarb may reduce H. ayyridis population growth by affecting its survival, development, and reproduction. We also conclude that indoxacarb, when applied at 10% FR, has more lethal and sublethal effects oil H.axyridis than spinosad applied at 10, 25 or 50% FR. The importance of sublethal effects of insecticides. as well as acute toxicity. ill toxicological Studies with natural enemies is discussed within the context of biological control and IPM. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

 

Toxicity of pesticides used in peach orchard on adults Trichogramma pretiosum

Author: Giolo, Fabrizio Pinheiro; Gruetzmacher, Anderson Dionei; Manzoni, Cristiane Gindri; De Lima, Crislaine Alves Barcellos; Noernberg, Sandro Daniel

Year: 2007

Journal: Bragantia

Volume: 66

Pages: 423-431

Abstract: The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma pretiostim Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS) standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25 +/- 10 degrees C, relative humidity of 70 +/- 10% and 14h photophase. The tests were carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless (<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); 4, harmful (>99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L, of water) calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb (160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful (class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful (class 4) to T. pretiosum.

 

Side-effects of pesticides used in integrated production of peach on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Author: Giolo, F. P.; Grutzmacher, A. D.; Manzoni, C. G.; Fachinello, J. C.; Nornberg, S. D.; Stefanello Junior, G. J.

Year: 2005

Journal: Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura

Volume: 27

Pages: 222-225

Abstract: The side effects of carbaryl, dimethoate, captan, mancozeb, cyhexatin, glyphosate, trichlorfon and mineral oil, applied to control pests infesting peach, on the parasitoid T. pretiosum were determined. Captan and mancozeb had no adverse effects on the parasitoid. Cyhexatin and glyphosate were slightly harmful, whereas mineral oil was moderately harmful to the parasitoid. Dimethoate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and enxofre were harmful to the parasitoid.

 

Selectivity of six insecticides used in citrus crops on pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)

Author: Godoy, M. S.; Carvalho, G. A.; Moraes, J. C.; Cosme, L. V.; Goussain, M. M.; Carvalho, C. F.; Morais, A. A.

Year: 2004

Journal: Neotropical Entomology

Volume: 33

Pages: 359-364

Abstract: The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin, lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG, Brazil. The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume of application of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mg/cm(2). After spraying, the pupae were kept in test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25 +/- 2degreesC, 70 +/- 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males or females of C. externa was also evaluated under a completely randomized design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair. The insecticides were classified following the method established by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E < 30% of mortality). However, thiacloprid and deltamethrin were toxic to the adults (E > 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management programs in citrus crops.

 

Conserving vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in citrus: a continuing challenge as new insecticides gain registration.

Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E.; Gu, P.

Year: 2003

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 96

Pages: 1388-1398

Abstract: The effects of insecticides used for California citrus pest management were evaluated using larval and adult stages of vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). This predatory beetle is essential for control of cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Williston) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in San Joaquin Valley citrus. When adult beetles were exposed to treated citrus leaves, adult survival was signiÞcantly reduced by the foliar neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the pyrethroid cyßuthrin.  Progeny production was signiÞcantly reduced by imidacloprid, cyßuthrin, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin. Buprofezin, pyriproxifen, and foliar imidacloprid also signiÞcantly reduced successful development of larvae into the adult stage. When vedalia stages were fed insecticide-treated cottony cushion scale reared on Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait, toxic effects were more severe than contact toxicity alone. Adult beetle survival was most profoundly reduced by the pyrethroids and to a lesser extent the foliar neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid. Progeny production and larval development to adulthood were reduced by all insecticides but were most severely affected by pyriproxifen and the pyrethroids. Systemically applied neonicotinoids were toxic to vedalia larvae feeding on cottony cushion scale that had ingested these insecticides. These data demonstrate that IGRs, neonicotinoid insecticides, and pyrethroid insecticides have a signiÞcant, negative impact on vedalia beetles. Depending on the rate of insecticide used, the number and timing of applications, and the level of coverage of the tree, disruption of vedalia can be minimized. However, the situation is made difficult when pests such as citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), forktailed bush katydid Scuddaria furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera: Tettigoiniidae), or glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) require these pesticide treatments during periods of vedalia beetle activity.

 

Potential for integrating eleven agricultural insecticides with the predatory bug Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera : Reduviidae)

Author: Grundy, P. R.; Maelzer, D.; Collins, P. J.; Hassan, E.

Year: 2000

Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology

Volume: 93

Pages: 584-589

Abstract: A problem for growers attempting to implement integrated pest management programs is the lack of information regarding the compatibility of insecticides with natural enemies. To provide information about this problem, we evaluated the acute and residual effects of 11 commonly used insecticides on nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) under both laboratory and field conditions. For each insecticide, the length of time that weathering residues caused >50% mortality was evaluated and compared against the LC50 (acute-toxicity) divided by the recommended field rate. Plots thus combined the acute and residual toxicity of each insecticide. Results suggested that carbaryl, esfenvalerate, endosulfan, and deltamethrin had low residual and acute toxicity to P. plagipennis, whereas chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and monocrotophos were highly toxic at low concentrations and left persistent harmful residues. Cypermethrin, methidathion, malathion, and dimethoate were moderately toxic. The potential use of these insecticides to supplement the control activity of P. plagipennis is discussed.

 

The side-effects of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Author: Grutzmacher, A. D.; Zimmermann, O.; Yousef, A.; Hassan, S. A.

Year: 2004

Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology

Volume: 128

Pages: 377-383

Abstract: The side-effects of six pesticides used on peaches in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less-exposed life stages); (c) exposure of adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after application (persistence); (d) Dose-response pesticide exposures of adults on glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC). The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient((R)) (methoxyphenozide) and the fungicide Venturol((R)) (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide Assist((R)) (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management (IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF(R) (sulphur) and the insecticides Dipterex((R)) 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid((R)) 500 (fenthion) were harmful at both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist((R)) was short lived and therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for use in IPM, but Kumulus((R)) DF, Dipterex((R)) 500 and Lebaycid((R)) 500 constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent (more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals after parasitism showed that Assist((R)) and Kumulus((R)) DF were harmless to the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex((R)) 500 was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid((R)) 500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the pupae. The dose-response test showed that Kumulus((R)) DF and Dipterex((R)) 500 were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus((R)) DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to 0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage. Dipterex((R)) 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.

 

Field evaluation of the effects of the insect growth regulator tebufenozide on entomophagous arthropods and pests of apples

Author: Gurr, G. M.; Thwaite, W. G.; Nicol, H. I.

Year: 1999

Journal: Australian Journal of Entomology

Volume: 38

Pages: 135-140

Abstract: Organophosphate insecticides are very widely used in commercial apple production to control fruit-attacking pests but their broad-spectrum activity constrains biological control of other pests. Compounds with narrow-spectrum activity are therefore desirable. The insect growth regulator (IGR) tebufenozide was compared with another IGR, fenoxycarb, and the organophosphate, azinphos-methyl, in a replicated field trial in the 1994/1995 apple-production season. Vacuum sampling of the tree foliage on five occasions during the growing season showed significantly lower populations of various natural enemies (spiders, lacewings and the specialist mite predator Stethorus spp. adults and larvae) in the azinphos-methyl treatment than in either of the two IGR treatments. The two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was most numerous in the azinphos-methyl treatment. In 1995/1996, the entire trial area was placed under a tebufenozide treatment program to determine the extent to which natural enemy populations would recover when broad-spectrum insecticide (azinphos-methyl) use was halted. Populations of polyphagous natural enemies assumed levels broadly equivalent to those observed under IGR treatments the previous year. Numbers of Stethorus spp. were lower than in the 1994/1995 season, possibly because T. urticae (prey) populations were much reduced from the previous season's densities. All three insecticide treatments were equally effective in controlling the lepidopteran pests, codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)), lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas pastvittana (Walker)) and early season caterpillars (predominantly Helicoverpa punctigern (Wallengren)). Results indicate that tebufenozide provides good control of lepidopteran pests, while allowing the rapid build-up of natural enemies which contribute to control of other pests.

 

The effect of dimethoate and cypermethrin on soil-dwelling beetles under semi-field conditions

Author: Gyldenkaerne, S.; Ravn, H. P.; Halling-Sarensen, B.

Year: 2000

Journal: Chemosphere

Volume: 41

Pages: 1045-1057

Abstract: The effect of cypermethrin and dimethoate exposure on soil-dwelling beetles, in spring barley at different growth stages, of doses of up to eight times maximum field application rate has been investigated. Doses up to eight times maximum field application rate of cypermethrin did not have any acute effects on larger beetles, such as P. melanarius and C. erratus. Small beetles (A. bilineata, A. dorsale, B. lampros, B. obtustan) were not harmed by doses up to two times maximum field application rate. T. hypnorum was affected at maximum held rate. Dimethoate at maximum field application rate harmed all species, but in particular the smaller species. When dimethoate was applied in high foliage density fields in the summer, Very severe acute effects on spring bleeding beetles were found. In the autumn, when only a low crop cover existed, this very high effect was not observed. The severe effect in the summer may be explained by the mode of action of dimethoate on 'old beetles'. The observed high toxic effect of dimethoate on spring breeders in the summer is expected only to have limited effect on the population, because the spring breeders at this time of the year have finished their egg depositing in the soil. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

 

The side-effects of pesticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), acute dose-response and persistence tests

Author: Hassan, S. A.; Hafes, B.; Degrande, P. E.; Herai, K.

Year: 1998

Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie

Volume: 122

Pages: 569-573

Abstract: The side-effects of 21 pesticides were tested on the Hymenoptera egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae, using four different types of laboratory methods. The methods combined: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide residue on glass plates - initial toxicity worse case to select harmless preparations, (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid pupae (less susceptible life stage), (c) duration of harmful activity (persistence) on adults - select preparations that are less persistent and (d) dose-response exposures LD50 - to assess the risk margin. The results showed that the preparations (used at the highest recommended dose) greatly differed in their initial toxicity as well as in their persistence. The fungicide Topsin M(R) (thiophanat-methyl) and the herbicides Pyramin(R) (chloridazon), Butisan(R) S (metazachlor) and Banvel(R) 70 WG (dicamba) were harmless to T. cacoeciae. The insecticides Match(R) (lufenuron) and Admiral(R) (pyriproxifen), the fungicides Bavistin(R) (carbendazim), Aliette(R) (fosetyl) and Captan(R) 83 W (captan) as well as the herbicides Duplosan(R) 600 KV (mecoprop-p) and Focus(R) (cycloxydim) were slightly harmful. The fungicide Scala(R) (pyrimethanil) was moderately harmful. Telmion(R) (rape oil), Vertimec(R) (abamectin) and Scala were harmful in the initial toxicity test but only slightly persistent. These less persistent preparations are likely to have less impact on the natural enemy in the field. In the persistence test, Zolone Flow(R) (phosalon), Polo(R) (difenthiuron), Euparen(R) M (tolylfluanid), Dithane(R) M 45 (mancozeb), Kumulus(R) (sulphur) constantly reduced parasitism by between 90 and 100% and were rated a