|
Side
effects of plant protection products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym.
Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Abdelgader, H.; Hassan, S. A.
Year: 2002
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 25
Pages: 63-70
Abstract: The side effects of 13 plant protection products (9
insecticides/acaricides, 2 fungicides and 2 herbicides) on adults and immature
stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae [T. cacaeciae] were studied
in the laboratory. The results showed that one insecticide (Mimic,
tebufenozide), and one herbicide (Logran, triasulfuron), were safe to the
adults, whereas 6 insecticides and one fungicide were harmful. The other tested
insecticides (Naja, fenpyroximate; and Chess, pymetrozine), fungicide (Amistar,
azoxystrobin) and herbicide (Gesagard, prometryn) were slightly to moderately
harmful. Spraying onto immature stages of T. cacoeciae (within the host eggs
Sitotroga cerealella) showed that only one insecticide (Phosdrin, mevinphos)
was harmful, two insecticides (Confidor, imidacloprid; and Masai, tebufenpyrad)
were slightly harmful and the remaining preparations (Neemazal, azadirachtin;
Impuls, spiroxamine; Aztec, triazamate; Dicarzol, formetanate; and Chess) were
harmless.
Selective
toxicity of some pesticides to Hibana velox (Araneae : Anyphaenidae), a
predator of citrus leafminer
Author: Amalin, D. M.; Pena, J. E.; Yu, S. J.; McSorley, R.
Year: 2000
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 83
Pages: 254-262
Abstract: The toxicity of fourteen different pesticides used
in 'Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia
(Christman) Swingle, to the spider, Hibana velox (Becker) was tested under
laboratory conditions. Among the nine pesticides tested using a coated glass
vial method, the five broad-spectrum insecticides (azinphos-methyl,
chlorpyrifos, ethion, carbaryl, dicofol) were all highly toxic to H, velox,
causing 100% mortality even at the lowest concentration. Avermectin and
Provado(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as sprays had moderate toxicity;
whereas, Admire(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as a drench and Tri-Basic(R)
(copper fungicide) caused the lowest percent mortality (10-30%) even at the
highest concentration. With a leaf-dip method, petroleum oil exhibited a low
toxicity to H. velox. However, when combining petroleum oil with avermectin, a
synergistic effect elevated the toxicity to moderate. Azadirachtin, Bacillus
thuringiensis, and diflubenzuron showed low impact on H. velox. Less than 20%
mortality was recorded at the highest concentrations for all of these products.
Side-effects
of pesticides on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera :
Anthocoridae) in the laboratory
Author: Angeli, G.; Baldessari, M.; Maines, R.; Duso, C.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 15
Pages: 745-754
Abstract: Laboratory trials were carried out in order to test
the effects of 29 pesticides on the predatory bug, Orius laevigatus. To
evaluate residual contact activity, newly moulted fourth instar nymphs of O.
laevigatus were placed on treated Petri dishes and their mortality was checked
after 7 days. The fecundity of surviving females was tested for 14 days. Young
O. laevigatus adults were fed with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, treated with
the (above-mentioned) pesticides, to assess the effect of pesticides by
ingestion. Adult mortality, female fecundity and egg hatching were recorded.
Azadirachtin, granulosis virus products, mineral oil, pirimicarb, tebufenozide,
clofentezine, hexythiazox and copper oxychloride had no significant effect on
the survival and fecundity of O. laevigatus when predators were exposed to
pesticide residues by contact or by ingestion. Triflumuron and diflubenzuron
appeared to be harmless by contact, but diflubenzuron was slightly toxic when
ingested. Buprofezin and teflubenzuron were slightly to moderately toxic, while
hexaflumuron, flufenoxuron, and lufenuron showed a marked toxicity by contact
as well as by ingestion. A number of organophosphates, endosulfan and
deltamethrin were detrimental especially by contact. Imidacloprid was very
toxic by contact but only slightly toxic when ingested. Indoxacarb and
methoxyfenozide were less toxic than imidacloprid. These findings should be
considered when releases of O. laevigatus are used in greenhouses or on outdoor
crops.
Short
communication. Toxicity of abamectin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, mineral oil
and an industrial detergent with respect to Encarsia formosa (Gahan)
parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood nymphs
Author: Araya, J. E.; Estay, P.; Araya, M. H.
Year: 2006
Journal: Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume: 4
Pages: 86-90
Abstract: The control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomato
with Encarsia formosa
is influenced by the use of insecticides. Nine days after allowing E. formosa
adults to lay their eggs in T vaporariorum nymphs on tomato plants, insecticide
solutions (abamectin, mineral oil, acetamiprid, an industrial detergent and
imadacloprid) were applied at the highest recommended dosages to tomato
leaflets in Petri dishes using a Potter tower (four replicates, each involving
20 parasitized nymphs). Adult parasitoids began to emerge on day 7
post-application; this lasted 3-4 days, peaking on day 9 post-application. All
the tested products killed the E. formosa
pupae (an effect significantly different [P <= 0.05] to that achieved with
the water control). The products with the greatest toxicity were the detergent
(62.99% mortality) and mineral oil (49.55% mortality; no significant
difference). The effect of abamectin, the third most toxic agent (33.05%
mortality), was not statistically different to that of the mineral oil.
Imidacloprid (20.17% mortality) and acetamiprid (20.71% mortality) were the
least toxic treatments and could be used (along with abamectin to a lesser
extent) in integrated whitefly management programmes involving E. formosa pupae. At the concentrations used, the mineral
oil and industrial detergent are not recommended for use in such programmes
given their high toxicity to E. formosa pupae.
The
impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly
sown grass
Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1992
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 120
Pages: 25-39
Abstract: Field scale experiments carried out over three years
showed that chlorpyrifos reduced the numbers of several carabid beetle species
caught in pitfall traps. Fonofos seed treatment was also shown to affect
selected species. Consideration of the biology of individuals of groups of
species provided explanations of why some species such as Nebria brevicollis,
Notiophilus spp., Bembidion spp., and Trechus quadristriatus were severely
affected by one or other of the chemicals, whereas other species (e.g. Amara
spp., Harpalus spp.) were able to survive or recolonise pastures shortly after
chemical application. Measurements of elytral and pronotal widths and counts of
mature eggs in N. brevicollis, which was trapped in reduced numbers over a long
period, were made and provided some information about the mode of action of
these chemicals.
Selectivity
of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum
reared on two laboratory-reared hosts
Author: Bastos, C. S.; de Almeida, R. P.; Suinaga, F. A.
Year: 2006
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 62
Pages: 91-98
Abstract: The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides,
fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested
on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on
two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier)
and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of
the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while
the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact
with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin,
carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were
highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of
emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S.
cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S.
cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin.
Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence
from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when
the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and
monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing
in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin
hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not
affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the
wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram,
mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to
parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect
the percentage of F, wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining
pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the
wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult
stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host
used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur
because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance. (c) 2005
Society of Chemical Industry.
Developing an Ecotoxicological Testing Standard for Predatory Mites in Australia: Acute and Sublethal Effects of FUngicides on Euseius victoriensis and Galendromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Author: Bernard, M.; Carew, M.; Hurst, P.; Horne, P.;
Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 891-899
Abstract: Laboratory
bioassays for testing the effect of agrochemicals on Euseius victoriensis (Womersley) and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) on detached leaves of Glycine max (L.) (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French bean) were
developed. The tests allowed standardized comparisons between mite species and
leaf substrates, under “worst-case scenario” exposure, comparable with
commercial pesticide application. Young juveniles, along with their initial
food and the entire water supply, were sprayed to the point of runoff by using
a Potter spray tower. The highest registered field rate concentration used on
French bean was adjusted to deliver the same pesticide dose per higher runoff
point spray volume on soybean. Cumulative mortality was assessed at 48 h, 4 d, and
7 d afterspray application. Fecundity was assessed for 7 d from the onset of
egg lay. Boscalid (Filan 500 WG), dithianon (Delan 700 WG), and kresoxim-methyl
(Stroby 500 WG) caused no significant 7-d mortality or fecundity reduction to G. occidentalis or E. victoriensis compared with controls, and are classified as
harmless to both species. Mancozeb (Mancozeb 750 WG) was highly toxic to both species,
resulting in severe mortality and fecundity reduction and is considered
incompatible with integrated pest management programs that use these species.
Metiram (Polyram 700 WG) was highly toxic to E. victoriensis but only moderately toxic to G. occidentalis. Analyses of mortality proportions, including, and
excluding unaccounted escapees, produced the same results. Test standardization
on leaf substrates provides an alternative approach to standardization via
residue on glass used by International Organisation for Biological and Integrated
Control or Noxious Animals and Plants/West Palaearctic Regional Section
regulatory testing in the European Union.
Effects
of several types of insecticides on the mite predator, stethorus-punctum
(Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), including insect growth regulators and abamectin
Author: Biddinger, D. J.; Hull, L. A.
Year: 1995
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 88
Pages: 358-366
Abstract: Abamectin, methomyl, several types of insect growth
regulators (IGRs), and several organophosphate insecticides were evaluated for
toxicity to the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of the coccinellid mite
predator, Stethorus punctum (LeConte). Field-collected eggs were dipped into
aqueous solutions to evaluate ovicidal activity; field collected mid-instars
and adults were tested by a 24-h dry film exposure method. Multiple mortality
readings were done over time. Pupal mortality was evaluated in field plots that
received biweekly applications. Fenoxycarb was ovicidal in the laboratory and
disrupted the larval-pupal molt in the field. Abamectin was toxic to S. punctum
larvae and adults in the laboratory and methomyl was toxic to adults.
Teflubenzuron was toxic to the pupal stage in the field; along with fenoxycarb,
this IGR caused late-season increases of phytophagous mite populations in field
trials. Tebufenozide was not toxic to all S. punctum stages in the laboratory
and field. S. punctum was tolerant to all organophosphate insecticides tested.
Effect
of pesticide mixtures on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis AH
(Acarina, Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory
Author: Blumel, S.; Gross, M.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 125
Pages: 201-205
Abstract: The acaricide hexythiazox (Acorit(R) SC, 100 g
a.i.l(-1)), the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton spezial(R) WG, 52 g a.i.kg(-1))
and the insecticide heptenophos (Hostaquick(R) EC: 550 g a.i.l(-1)), were
tested in the laboratory for their side-effects on the predatory mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis A.H. The pesticides were either applied separately at a
range of concentrations or in admixture to detached bean leaves using a Potter
Tower to deposit 2 mg spray solution per cm(2) No significant differences in
the mean mortality rate of the phytoseiid or in the mean reproduction per
female was found between the different treatments. Total effect values ranged
from 5.4 to 38.7% after separate application of the test products and from 8.9
to 25.5% after treatment with the various pesticide mixtures.
Comparative
trials on the effects of two fungicides on a predatory mite in the laboratory
and in the field
Author: Blumel, S.; Pertl, C.; Bakker, F. M.
Year: 2000
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata
Volume: 97
Pages: 321-330
Abstract: Both laboratory tests with the open glass plate
method of Louis & Ufer (1995) and a field study in a vineyard were carried
out to test the side effects of the two fungicides, Dithane Ultra WG75 and
Polyram Combi WG70, on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae). The effects of both fungicides in the residual contact test in
the laboratory were more pronounced than the actual effects obtained in the
field even after multiple application of the test products. The study results
suggest, that for the selected test products the current laboratory guidelines
correctly triggered the field test. Methodological problems of the laboratory
test due to the repellent effect of the fungicides are discussed.
Vineyard
pesticides and their effects on invertebrate biomarkers and bioindicator
species in New Zealand
Author: Booth, L. H.; Bithell, S. L.; Wratten, S. D.;
Heppelthwaite, V. J.
Year: 2003
Journal: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology
Volume: 71
Pages: 1131-1138
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effects
of five fungicides used in Quebec
apple orchards on Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Phytoseiidae : Acari)
Author: Bostanian, N. J.; Thistlewood, H.; Racette, G.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology
Volume: 73
Pages: 527-530
Abstract: The toxicity of the fungicides captan, dodine,
mancozeb, metiram and myclobutanil to adults, nymphs and 0-24 h eggs of
Amblyseius fallacis was evaluated in the laboratory. Dodine and mancozeb
reduced egg hatch significantly in comparison with water controls and dodine
was the most toxic to the nymphs. Captan and metiram had no effect and the
remaining fungicides were of intermediate toxicity. None of the fungicides
affected the longevity and the fecundity of young females.
Relative
toxicity of permethrin to Mononychellus-progresivus Doreste and
Tetranychus-urticae Koch (acari, tetranychidae) and their predators
Amblyseius-limonicus Garman and McGregor (acari, phytoseiidae) and
Oligota-minuta cameron (coleoptera, staphylinidae) - bioassays and field
validation
Author: Braun, A. R.; Guerrero, J. M.; Bellotti, A. C.;
Wilson, L. T.
Year: 1987
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 545-550
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effect
of the insecticides abamectin and lufenuron on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla
externa under laboratory conditions
Author: Bueno, A. F.; Freitas, S.
Year: 2004
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 49
Pages: 277-283
Abstract: The side effects of two insecticides/acaricides,
abamectin and lufenuron, on the eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) were studied in
the laboratory (25 +/- 2degreesC, 62 +/- 10% RH and 12-h photophase). The
analytical methods used were those proposed by the International Organization
for Biological Control (IOBC)-Working Group for 'Pesticides and Beneficial
Organisms'. Chrysoperla externa egg viability was not affected by abamectin.
Neonate larvae from abamectin sprayed eggs as well as first, second and third
instar larvae that were directly treated, developed normally and yielded normal
adults. Lufenuron presented no adverse effects on egg survival. However,
lufenuron induced high mortality in neonate larvae from treated eggs. These
neonates, as well as lufenuron treated first and second instar larvae could not
molt. In the third instar, high pupal mortality occurred. The results showed
that abamectin is innocuous and that lufenurom is toxic to Chrysoperla externa
eggs and larvae.
Assessing
the environmental impacts of pesticides used on processing tomato crops
Author: Bues, R.; Bussieres, P.; Dadomo, M.; Dumas, Y.;
Garcia-Pomar, M. I.; Lyannaz, J. P.
Year: 2004
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 102
Pages: 155-162
Abstract: The environmental impacts of pesticides used on
processing tomato crops at 10 experimental sites of five Mediterranean
countries and on the Reunion
Island were assessed over
3 years using two different methods. The indicator obtained using the
environmental impact quotients (EIQ) of pesticides method was highly correlated
with the amount of active ingredients used, whereas the indicator based on the
pesticide environmental impact (IPEST) method was highly correlated with the
number of treatments applied. Both methods showed that fungicides were largely
responsible for the estimated impacts. The EIQ method showed that the impact
was greater on non-human biota than farmworkers and consumers. The indicators
obtained using these two methods were only slightly correlated with each other
but both methods used together provided a more complete analysis of the impacts
of pesticides. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Toxicity
of some insecticides to Tetranychus urticae, Neoseiulus californicus and Tydeus
californicus
Author: Castagnoli, M.; Liguori, M.; Simoni, S.; Duso, C.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 50
Pages: 611-622
Abstract: Three mite species are frequently found on vegetable
crops in Italy:
the pest Tetranychus urticae Koch ( Acari: Tetranychidae), the predator
Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) ( Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the unspecialised
feeder Tydeus californicus ( Banks) ( Acari: Tydeidae). In laboratory trials,
the direct and residual effects of six insecticides recommended for the control
of aphids, whiteflies and thrips in vegetable crops, (Biopiren(R) plus (
pyrethrins), Confidor(R) ( imidacloprid), Oikos(R) ( azadirachtin), Plenum(R)
(pymetrozine), Naturalis(R) (Beauveria bassiana) and Rotena(R) ( rotenone)),
were evaluated for the three mite species. All the products affected the mites
and their effect was often favourable towards T. urticae and unfavourable
towards N. californicus and T. californicus. Rotenone was more toxic to eggs
than females of T. urticae. It was highly toxic to N. californicus and caused
the death of all treated females of T. californicus. Pyrethrins and
imidacloprid increased T. urticae fecundity, but decreased fecundity of N.
californicus. Imidacloprid decreased T. californicus fecundity more than
pyrethrins. Beauveria bassiana was not toxic to T. urticae and T. californicus,
but induced high mortality in the progeny of treated females of N.
californicus. Azadirachtin and pymetrozine were the least toxic to T. urticae
and N. californicus, but decreased production of larvae in T. californicus.
Implications for integrated pest management on vegetables are discussed.
Comparative
residual toxicities of pesticides to the predator Euseius mesembrinus (Acari :
Phytoseiidae) on citrus in Florida
Author: Childers, C. C.; Aguilar, H.; Villanueva, R.;
Abou-Setta, M. M.
Year: 2001
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 84
Pages: 391-401
Abstract: Residual toxicities of registered and selected
experimental pesticides used on citrus against Euseius mesembrinus (Dean)
(Acari: Phytoseiidae) were compared. A tractor-drawn airblast sprayer
calibrated to deliver 2,338 liters/ha was used to apply pesticides at one or
more recommended rates on mature 'Ruby Red' grapefruit trees. Pesticides rated
as highly toxic were: azinphos-methyl 50WP at 4.48 kg/ha, dicofol 4EC at 7.01
liters/ha, formetanate 92SP at 5.84 kg/ha, dimethoate 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha,
malathion 57EC at 5.85 liters/ha, propargite 6.55EC at 3.51 liters/ha, benomyl
50WP at 1.68 kg/ha + ferbam 76GF at 5.60 kg/ha, ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha,
carbaryl XLR plus at 18.7 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha,
pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl
SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, ethion 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at
46.8 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 1.46 liters/ha,
and pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha. Pesticides that were moderately to slightly
toxic were: sulfur 80DF at 16.81 kg/ha, abamectin 0.15EC at 731 ml/ha +
FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 971 ml/ha +
FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, FC435-66 petroleum oil at 93.5
liters/ha, and chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha. Pesticides that were
considered non-toxic were: FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl
80S at 4.48 kg/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 971 mna, chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85
liters/ha, fenbuconazole 2F at 292 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8
liters/ha, copper hydroxide 77WP at 4.48 kg metallic/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36
kg/ha, and fenbuconazole 2F at 584 ml;ha. Ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, benomyl
50WP + ferbam 76GF, carbaryl SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR Plus + FC435-66
petroleum oil, and benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha had significantly higher numbers
of missing females from treated leaf surfaces suggesting these products were
repellent, irritating, and/or excitatory to the gravid females.
Toxic
effects of spinosad on predatory insects
Author: Cisneros, J.; Goulson, D.; Derwent, L. C.; Penagos,
D. I.; Hernandez, O.; Williams, T.
Year: 2002
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 23
Pages: 156-163
Abstract: Spinosad (Dow AgroSciences) is a mixture of
tetracyclic-macrolide compounds produced by a soil actinomycete and has been
classified as a bioinsecticide. Spinosad is highly active against Lepidoptera
but is reported to be practically nontoxic to insect natural enemies. We
assessed the impact of Spinosad in a granular maize-flour formulation on a
selection of insect predators over periods of 2-14 days. In all cases, the
quantities of Spinosad used were less than the maximum recommended rates given
on the product label. Adults of Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae) suffered a high prevalence of mortality following consumption of
1000 or 2000 ppm Spinosad active ingredient (a.i.), but little mortality at 200
ppm. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) did not
consume the granular formulation and suffered little overall mortality. After
14 days of exposure, the earwig, Doru taeniatum (Dohrn)
(Dermaptera:Forficulidae), suffered 48% mortality in the 1.2 ppm Spinosad
treatment increasing to 98% in the 1200 ppm Spinosad treatment compared to 20%
in controls. Earwigs suffered 86% mortality/intoxication 72 h after feeding on
Spinosad-contaminated Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)
larvae. A field trial was performed to compare applications of commercial
granular chlorpyrifos and Spinosad in maize-flour granules (200 and 2000 ppm
ad.; 4.8-48 g a.i./ha, respectively) or as an aqueous spray (160 ppm ad.; 48 g
a.i/ha) on earwigs held inside gauze bags. Mortality of earwigs on control
plants was less than 15% at 2 days postapplication compared to 33% on plants
treated with granular chlorpyrifos, 83% on plants sprayed with 160 ppm
Spinosad, and 91-95% on plants treated with 200-2000 ppm Spinosad granules,
respectively. Further mortality in the 24-h period postsampling ranged from
<5% in control treatments, to 9% in the chlorpyrifos treatment, and to
55-65% in the Spinosad spray and granule treatments. We conclude that Spinosad
cannot be considered to have an environmental safety profile similar to most
established biological insecticides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science.
Effect
of insecticides on mealybug destroyer (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) and
parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae), natural enemies of
citrus mealybug (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae)
Author: Cloyd, R. A.; Dickinson,
A.
Year: 2006
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 99
Pages: 1596-1604
Abstract: In this study, we measured, under laboratory
conditions, the direct and indirect effects of insecticides on mealybug
destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and
parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), natural
enemies of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).
The adult stages of both natural enemies were exposed to sprays of the
insecticides buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, flonicamid, acetamiprid, dinoteforan,
and clothianidin at label-recommended rates to assess direct mortality after
24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The effects of the insecticides on L.
dactylopii parasitization rate and percentage of parasitoid emergence also were
monitored using the label and 4X the recommended label rate. Dinotefuran was
extremely detrimental to the adult parasitoid at the label rate with 100%
mortality after 24 h. Buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid were not harmful
to L. dactylopii when applied at the label rate. At 4X the recommended label
rate, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, and clothianidin were all harmful to the
parasitoid with 100% mortality 72 h after application. Both buprofezin and
flonicamid were not toxic to L. dactylopii with 100% adult survival after 72 h.
Pyriproxyfen and flonicamid, at both the label and 4X the recommended label
rate, did not negatively affect L. dactylopii parasitization rate or percentage
of parasitoid emergence. Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, and clothianidin were toxic
to C. montrouzieri adults with 100% mortality after 48 h, whereas buprofezin,
pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid demonstrated minimal (10-20% mortality after 48 h)
harmful effects to the predator. Based on the results from our study, the
indirect effects of the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin were not
decisive; however, the IGR pyriproxyfen and the insecticide flonicamid were not
directly or indirectly harmful to the predator C. montrouzieri and parastioid
L. dactylopii, indicating that these insecticides are compatible with both
natural enemies when used together for control of citrus mealybug in
greenhouses and conservatories.
Selectivity
of insecticides to the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988, (Hym.,
Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Consoli, F. L.; Botelho, P. S. M.; Parra, J. R. P.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 125
Pages: 37-43
Abstract: Trichogramma galloi Zucchi is an efficient
biological control agent against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.)
in sugarcane fields in Brazil.
This parasitoid is also a candidate to be used in pest management programmes in
corn, as D. saccharalis has become a serious pest of this crop in some areas in
Brazil.
However, there is no data on the side-effects of chemicals on this species. The
side-effects of promising chemicals to control the sugarcane borer in corn were
tested by dipping eggs of the factitious host into the insecticidal solutions.
Two different treatments were tested. First, dipping parasitized host eggs at
different stages of immature development (egg-larva, prepupa and pupa), and
second, by offering treated eggs to newly emerged females. The toxicity of the
chemicals tested were dependent on the age of the parasitoid, affecting the
immature survival. developmental time from egg to adult, parasitization
capacity, adult longevity and the development of the filial generation.
Spinosad. tebufenozide, triflumuron and lufenuron delayed adult eclosion of T.
galloi when used to treat the host egg during the pupal stage. Spinosad was
harmful when tested against any immature stage and adults of T. galloi.
Lufenuron and triflumuron were harmful only when applied during the egg-larval
development of the parasitoid. Although they did not affect the pa rasitization
capacity, they caused almost 100% mortality of the immatures when used to treat
eggs prior to parasitization. Tebufenozide was harmless to T. galloi causing a
very slight immature mortality if used during the prepupal development.
Side-effects
of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma
pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae)
Author: Consoli, F. L.; Parra, J. R. P.; Hassan, S. A.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 122
Pages: 43-47
Abstract: Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important natural
enemy used for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomato fields in
several countries in South America. The
side-effects of insecticides on T. pretiosum was tested by dipping parasitized
host eggs (Ephestia kuchniella Zeller) at three different development stages
(egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae)in pesticide solution at recommended
concentrations. The insecticides varied in their toxicity and significantly
affected the development time of the immature stages, emergence, parasitism and
longevity of the adult parasitoid. Cartap and phenthoate were harmful and
caused total mortality in all the experiments in the three stages of
development tested. Lambda-cyhalothrin was not detrimental but caused a significant
increase in mortality, prolonged development of the immature stages and
decreased the capacity of parasitism of the emerged females. Tebufenozide,
teflubenzuron and abamectin had sublethal effects. They reduced the time of
development, especially when applied during the pupae stage. The capacity of
parasitism of emerged females decreased and was affected by the stage of
development treated. With abamectin treatments, parasitism decreased as the
development of the parasitoid advanced and the mortality of the emerged adults
from host eggs treated during the pupae stage was significantly higher.
Tebufenozide reduced parasitism when applied during the egg-larval and
pre-pupae stages. The results showed that cartap and phenthoate were harmful,
lambda-cyalothrin and abamectin were intermediate, tebufenozide and
teflubenzuron were harmless to slightly harmful. Nearly all the chemicals
tested had significant sublethal effects.
Managing
spider mites on fruit trees
Author: Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1979
Journal: Span
Volume: 22
Pages: 28-30
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effect
of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin applications on nontarget invertebrates in a
conservation tillage crop
Author: Curtis, J. E.; Horne, P. A.
Year: 1995
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 34
Pages: 229-231
Abstract: The short-term impact of two commonly used
insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) on predatory species of
invertebrates, including carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), wolf spiders
(Araneae: Lycosidae), Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and a
pest beetle, Gonocephalum adelaidae Blackburn
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), was assessed in a faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.
cv. Fiord) grown under conservation-tillage. The project aimed to identify
which, if any, of the key beneficial or pest invertebrates that are active on
the soil surface were affected by foliar applications of insecticides. The
activity of some species, reflected by numbers of pit Fall trapped individuals,
was affected within 24 h. There was a brief (1-d) increase, followed by a
reduction in the number of G. adelaidae, L. truncata and carabids captured in
the cypermethrin sprayed plots when compared to the control and chlorpyrifos
treatments. The numbers of carabids captured declined in both insecticide
treatments for the remainder of the study period, but neither treatment had any
observed effect on G. adelaidae, L. truncata or lycosid spiders.
The
impact of fungicides to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) on the predatory
mite Anystis baccarum and its prey Aculus schlechtendali (apple rust mite) in Northern Ireland
Bramley orchards
Author: Cuthbertson, A. G. S.; Murchie, A. K.
Year: 2003
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 22
Pages: 1125-1130
Abstract: Apple scab is the most serious disease in Northern
Ireland Bramley orchards: As a result, as many as 14 fungicide sprays can be
applied each season to control the disease. Anystis baccarum is a commonly
occurring predatory mite in the orchards. The effects of three commonly used
fungicides (captan/penconazole, mancozeb and dithianon) on A. baccarum and the
pest mite Aculus schlechtendali were investigated. On the mancozeb treated
trees there were fewer A. baccarum and more A. schlechtendali compared to the
other treatments, although the latter result was probably due to the condition
of the leaves in this treatment. Dithianon had no detrimental effect on A.
baccarum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selectivity
of inseticides to eggs and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera :
Anthocoridae)
Author: de Carvalho, G. A.; Morais, A. A.; Rocha, L. C. D.;
Godoy, M. S.; Cosme, L. V.
Year: 2005
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 423-427
Abstract: The predator Orius insidiosus (Say) feeds on thrips,
aphids, whiteflies, mites and small caterpillars and contributes to regulate
the population of these pests in different agroecossystems. The present
research aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the pesticides abamectin, cartap,
cyromazine, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid, which are registered for
chrysanthemum crops, to eggs and first-, second- and third-instar nymphs of O.
insidiosus. A Potter tower was used to spray the insecticides on the eggs and
nymphs at the highest recommended rates. After spraying, the individuals were
kept under controlled conditions at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10 % RH and 12h
photophase. The effects of the pesticides on the embryonic period, on egg
viability, instar duration and nymph survival were evaluated. The eggs of O.
insidiosus were tolerant to all pesticides. Both cartap and cyromazine were
selective, whereas abamectin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid were toxic to all
tested instars of O. insidiosus. Fenpropathrin was the most toxic pesticide and
killed 100 % of the nymphs. The insecticides cartap and cyromazine can be
recommended for integrated pest management programs in chrysanthemum crops.
Toxicity
of diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the predatory
bug Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)
Author: Delbeke, F.; Vercruysse, P.; Tirry, L.; De Clercq,
P.; Degheele, D.
Year: 1997
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Pages: 349-358
Abstract: The susceptibility of the predatory bug Orius
laevigatus (Fieber) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen,
the nitroguanidine insecticide imidacloprid and the thiourea compound
diafenthiuron was investigated in the laboratory. Fifth-instar nymphs were
exposed to formulated materials of each compound and adults were exposed to
formulated materials of diafenthiuron and imidacloprid. In each case, exposure
via ingestion and residual contact was tested. Pyriproxyfen was harmless to O.
laevigatus nymphs by both ways of exposure. The respective LC50-values of
diflubenzuron via ingestion and residual contact were 229.9 and 391.1 mg
a.i./l. Diafenthiuron did not cause significant mortality to fifth-instar
nymphs and adults via ingestion but was toxic by residual contact with
LC50-values of 329.4 mg a.i./l and 125.9 mg a.i./l for nymphs and adults
respectively. Imidacloprid proved to be the most toxic compound with LC,,
values of 1.1 and 0.04 mg a.i./l for nymphs and 2.1 and 0.3 mg a.i./l for
adults, via ingestion and residual contact, respectively. The results suggest
that use of pyriproxyfen in an integrated pest management programme will not
cause any problems but that imidacloprid, and to a lesser extent, also
diflubenzuron and diafenthiuron could be harmful to the predator.
The
toxicity of 2 pyrethroids to Encarsia formosa and its
host Trialeurodes vaporariorum: prospecting for a resistant strain of the
parasite.
Author: Delorme, R.; Berthier, A.
Year: 1985
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 16
Pages: 213-214
Abstract: The toxicity of bioresmethrin and deltamethrin has
been studied on the host-parasite couple Trialeurodes vaporariorum-Encarsia formosa. Long
term trials were used under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were
applied to the plant at all stages of host and parasite development. The two
products studied showed some toxicity to E. formosa.
Bioresmethrin, a poorly persistent insecticide, could be used with care in
integrated control; deltamethrin, a highly persistent product, must be
excluded. Attempts to obtain strains of E. formosa
resistant to deltamethrin were made. The selection pressure applied during 21
successive generations failed to produce a significant and stable resistance
level.
The
toxicity of commonly used orchard chemicals to Stethorus nigripes
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Author: Edwards, B.A.B.; Hodgson, P.J.
Year: 1973
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomology Society
Volume: 12
Pages: 222-224
Abstract: The toxicity of 40 pesticides commonly used in orchards to adults of the rpedatory coccinellid, Stethorus nigripes (Kapur), was determined. Twelve of these chemicals including azinphos methyl 0.05%, carbaryl 0.1%, malathion 0.05% and aminocarb 0.075% proved to be highly toxic to the beetles while fifteen chemicals were relatively non-toxic. These latter materials and possibly some with intermediate toxicity could be considered for use in an integrated control programme.
The
implications of copper fungicide usage in vineyards for earthworm activity and
resulting sustainable soil quality
Author: Eijsackers, H.; Beneke, P.; Maboeta, M.; Louw, J. P.
E.; Reinecke, A. J.
Year: 2005
Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Volume: 62
Pages: 99-111
Abstract: To investigate the impact of copper-containing
fungicides (copper oxychloride) on earthworms in South African vineyards, field
inventories of earthworms in and between vine rows were carried out and
compared to directly adjacent grassland. Also copper content, pH, organic
matter content, and soil porosity were determined in these soils. This was
combined with laboratory experiments to study the impact of vineyard soil
characteristics on the burrowing and dispersal behavior of earthworms.
Moreover, the direct toxic action of copper oxychloride on different endpoints
of the earthworms (survival and growth) was studied. Copper oxychloride had a
negative impact on these endpoints (decreased growth and survival related to
increased copper body content) as well as on the behavioral aspect (decreased
burrowing rate and avoidance of copper-containing soil). Moreover, there was an
inverse relation between burrowing activity and soil bulk density that could
also be related to the copper content. This may lead to a decrease in
sustainable soil quality in vineyards. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
Imidacloprid,
a novel chlorotinyl insecticide: biological activity and agricultural
imporatnce.
Author: Elbert, A.; Nauen, R.; Leight, W.
Year: 1998
Editor: Ishaaya, I.;
Degheele, D.
Book Title: Insecticides with novel modes of action
City: Berlin,
Germany
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Pages: 50-73
Short Title: Imidacloprid, a novel chlorotinyl insecticide:
biological activity and agricultural imporatnce.
Abstract: This book conveys a wealth of information on
pesticide chemistry, biochemical modes of action, biological activity, and
theory of pesticide application for management programs. Emphasis is placed on
novel biological insecticides which block certain stages in the development of
pest insects. Special attention is given to insecticides with selective
properties. Their role in integrated pest management programs and in
insecticide resistance management strategies is discussed. The data and
concepts presented are essential in establishing new technologies and
developing novel groups of compounds which will determine our future agricultural
practices. Everybody involved in crop protection and developing new insecticide
chemistry from universities to chemical industries will benefit from this
volume.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera :
anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera : lygaeidae)
Author: Elzen, G. W.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 94
Pages: 55-59
Abstract: Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower
bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were
exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes
of action. using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important
predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were:
azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan,
chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable
variation in response between both species tested to the insecticides.
Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus
than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O.
insidiosus than malathion. Imidacloprid tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less
toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil.
Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to
female G. punctipesper than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus
was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments
including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs
by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and
cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control.
Consumption of II. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the
malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid
treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not
significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the
control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to C. punctipes is consistent with
other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not
compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pasts: malathion, endosulfan,
profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide,
azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing
beneficial species.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of selected insecticides - On Geocoris punctipes
Author: Elzen, G. W.; Elzen, P. J.
Year: 1999
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 24
Pages: 199-205
Abstract: Adults of the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes
(Say), from a laboratory culture, were exposed to selected insecticides and
insect growth regulators (IGR's) using a foliar insecticide residue bioassay.
Methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and spinosad were not toxic to male and female
G. punctipes at the recommended rates, while chlorfenapyr produced only partial
mortality. At recommended rates, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr significantly
reduced the fecundity of G. punctipes compared with a control. Most of the
chemicals tested had no effect on host egg consumption of G. punctipes, whereas
a recommended rate of chlorfenapyr increased egg consumption. Tebufenozide,
methoxyfenozide, and chlorfenapyr appear very good for inclusion in IPM in
cotton while chlorfenapyr seems fairly good.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of selected insecticides and an insect growth regulator
on the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus
grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae)
Author: Elzen, G. W.; Maldonado, S. N.; Rojas, M. G.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 300-303
Abstract: A laboratory culture of Catolaccus grandis (Burks),
an ectoparasitoid of the Loll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, was
exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of insecticides and an insect growth
regulator using a spray chamber bioassay. Materials tested were
azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, fipronil, malathion, cyfluthrin, dimethoate,
spinosad, methyl parathion, acephate, oxamyl, and tebufenozide. At full rates,
spinosad was significantly less toxic to female C. grandis than other
treatments except endosulfan. Fipronil and malathion were significantly more
toxic to females than other treatments. Most of the chemicals tested were
highly toxic to male C. grandis: spinosad was least toxic. At reduced rates,
most of 4 selected chemicals tested were low in toxicity to C. grandis;
however, a reduced rate of malathion was significantly more toxic to females
than other treatments. No C. grandis pupae developed from parasitism during a
24-h treatment period with malathion or spinosad. The sex ratio of progeny from
sprayed adults appeared to Le unaffected by the treatments.
Effects
of foliar and soil insecticide applications on the collembolan community of an
early set-aside arable field
Author: Endlweber, K.; Schadler, M.; Scheu, S.
Year: 2006
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 136-146
Abstract: Effects of foliar and soil insecticide applications
on collembolan density and community structure were investigated in an early
set-aside arable field. Insecticides were applied separately and in combination
to the soil surface (chlorpyrifos) and vegetation (dimethoate). The treatments
were established to investigate effects of above- and below-ground insects on
plant succession. Starting in 1997, the insecticides were applied from April to
November at 2-week (dimethoate) or monthly intervals (chlorpyrifos). Samples
were taken in 2000 prior to and after insecticide application in March and
June, respectively. Both insecticides are lethal to Collembola and insecticide
applications resulted in a strong decline in the density of total Collembola.
Application of chlorpyrifos reduced collembolan density to a greater extent
than dimethoate; the effect of the combined application on total collembolan
numbers was similar to that of chlorpyrifos only. Collembolan numbers recovered
after the insecticide applications in 1999, but in the treated plots
populations were still reduced in March 2000 before the re-application of
insecticide treatments in that year. The insecticide applications changed the
dominance structure of the collembolan community, but had no effects on species
composition. The results may be of relevance for the interpretation of studies
on plant-insect herbivore interactions using insecticides. (c) 2005 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects
of spinosad and indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of the
multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Author: Galvan, T. L.; Koch, R. L.; Hutchison, W. D.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 34
Pages: 108-114
Abstract: Use of selective insecticides, such as spinosad and
indoxacarb. that are more toxic to lepidopteran pests than to Harmonia axyridis
(Pallas), could facilitate conservation of this predator in sweet corn
integrated pest management (IPM), We examined the effects of spinosad and
indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of H. axyridis by
spraying first instars and adult females. Treatments for the first instar assay
were spinosad at 10.25, and 50% of the field rate (FR). indoxacarb at 10% FR.
and water (untreated check). We recorded survival of each life stage,
developmental time to adults and adult weight. Treatments for the adult female
assay were spinosad at 50 and 100% FR, indoxacarb at 50% FR. and water
(control), Each day. we recorded female survival and reproductive capacity.
Indoxacarb decreased survival of first instars and adults, extended the
developmental time for first instars to become adults, and reduced the
fecundity of H. axyridis females. Spinosad decreased survival of first instars.
extended the time for first instars to become adults, decreased weight gain,
and reduced the fertility of H. axyridis females. Our results Suggest that
spinosad and indoxacarb may reduce H. ayyridis population growth by affecting
its survival, development, and reproduction. We also conclude that indoxacarb,
when applied at 10% FR, has more lethal and sublethal effects oil H.axyridis
than spinosad applied at 10, 25 or 50% FR. The importance of sublethal effects
of insecticides. as well as acute toxicity. ill toxicological Studies with
natural enemies is discussed within the context of biological control and IPM.
(c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Toxicity
of pesticides used in peach orchard on adults Trichogramma pretiosum
Author: Giolo, Fabrizio Pinheiro; Gruetzmacher, Anderson Dionei; Manzoni,
Cristiane Gindri; De Lima, Crislaine Alves Barcellos; Noernberg, Sandro Daniel
Year: 2007
Journal: Bragantia
Volume: 66
Pages: 423-431
Abstract: The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of
pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma
pretiostim Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were
carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated
Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS)
standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25 +/- 10
degrees C, relative humidity of 70 +/- 10% and 14h photophase. The tests were
carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film
applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T.
pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum
female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the
effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories,
according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless
(<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); 4,
harmful (>99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L, of water)
calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb
(160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the
insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the
fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful
(class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide
glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides
fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful
(class 4) to T. pretiosum.
Side-effects
of pesticides used in integrated production of peach on Trichogramma pretiosum
Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Giolo, F. P.; Grutzmacher, A. D.; Manzoni, C. G.;
Fachinello, J. C.; Nornberg, S. D.; Stefanello Junior, G. J.
Year: 2005
Journal: Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
Volume: 27
Pages: 222-225
Abstract: The side effects of carbaryl, dimethoate, captan,
mancozeb, cyhexatin, glyphosate, trichlorfon and mineral oil, applied to
control pests infesting peach, on the parasitoid T. pretiosum were determined.
Captan and mancozeb had no adverse effects on the parasitoid. Cyhexatin and
glyphosate were slightly harmful, whereas mineral oil was moderately harmful to
the parasitoid. Dimethoate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and enxofre were harmful to
the parasitoid.
Selectivity
of six insecticides used in citrus crops on pupae and adults of Chrysoperla
externa (Hagen)
(Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)
Author: Godoy, M. S.; Carvalho, G. A.; Moraes, J. C.; Cosme,
L. V.; Goussain, M. M.; Carvalho, C. F.; Morais, A. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: 359-364
Abstract: The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin,
lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in
citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments
were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de
Lavras, MG, Brazil.
The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume of
application of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mg/cm(2). After spraying, the pupae were kept in
test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25
+/- 2degreesC, 70 +/- 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized
experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one
composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males
or females of C. externa was also evaluated under a completely randomized
design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair.
The insecticides were classified following the method established by the
International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious
Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E <
30% of mortality). However, thiacloprid and deltamethrin were toxic to the
adults (E > 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide
were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on
the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and
tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management
programs in citrus crops.
Conserving
vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae), in citrus: a continuing challenge as new insecticides gain
registration.
Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E.; Gu, P.
Year: 2003
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 96
Pages: 1388-1398
Abstract: The effects of insecticides used for California citrus pest
management were evaluated using larval and adult stages of vedalia beetle,
Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). This predatory beetle is essential for control of
cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Williston) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in San Joaquin Valley citrus. When adult beetles were
exposed to treated citrus leaves, adult survival was signiÞcantly reduced by
the foliar neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the pyrethroid cyßuthrin. Progeny production was signiÞcantly reduced
by imidacloprid, cyßuthrin, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin. Buprofezin,
pyriproxifen, and foliar imidacloprid also signiÞcantly reduced successful
development of larvae into the adult stage. When vedalia stages were fed
insecticide-treated cottony cushion scale reared on Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.)
Ait, toxic effects were more severe than contact toxicity alone. Adult beetle
survival was most profoundly reduced by the pyrethroids and to a lesser extent
the foliar neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid. Progeny production and
larval development to adulthood were reduced by all insecticides but were most
severely affected by pyriproxifen and the pyrethroids. Systemically applied
neonicotinoids were toxic to vedalia larvae feeding on cottony cushion scale
that had ingested these insecticides. These data demonstrate that IGRs, neonicotinoid
insecticides, and pyrethroid insecticides have a signiÞcant, negative impact on
vedalia beetles. Depending on the rate of insecticide used, the number and
timing of applications, and the level of coverage of the tree, disruption of
vedalia can be minimized. However, the situation is made difficult when pests
such as citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), forktailed
bush katydid Scuddaria furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera:
Tettigoiniidae), or glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) require these pesticide treatments during periods of
vedalia beetle activity.
Potential
for integrating eleven agricultural insecticides with the predatory bug
Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera : Reduviidae)
Author: Grundy, P. R.; Maelzer, D.; Collins, P. J.; Hassan,
E.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 584-589
Abstract: A problem for growers attempting to implement
integrated pest management programs is the lack of information regarding the
compatibility of insecticides with natural enemies. To provide information
about this problem, we evaluated the acute and residual effects of 11 commonly
used insecticides on nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) under both laboratory and field
conditions. For each insecticide, the length of time that weathering residues
caused >50% mortality was evaluated and compared against the LC50
(acute-toxicity) divided by the recommended field rate. Plots thus combined the
acute and residual toxicity of each insecticide. Results suggested that
carbaryl, esfenvalerate, endosulfan, and deltamethrin had low residual and
acute toxicity to P. plagipennis, whereas chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and
monocrotophos were highly toxic at low concentrations and left persistent
harmful residues. Cypermethrin, methidathion, malathion, and dimethoate were
moderately toxic. The potential use of these insecticides to supplement the
control activity of P. plagipennis is discussed.
The side-effects
of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the
egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Grutzmacher, A. D.; Zimmermann, O.; Yousef, A.;
Hassan, S. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 128
Pages: 377-383
Abstract: The side-effects of six pesticides used on peaches
in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae
using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide
residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing
the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less-exposed life stages); (c) exposure of
adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after
application (persistence); (d) Dose-response pesticide exposures of adults on
glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field
dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC).
The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial
toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient((R)) (methoxyphenozide) and
the fungicide Venturol((R)) (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae
adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of
the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids
were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide
Assist((R)) (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of
FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and
moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management
(IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF(R) (sulphur) and the insecticides
Dipterex((R)) 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid((R)) 500 (fenthion) were harmful at
both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist((R)) was short lived and
therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for
use in IPM, but Kumulus((R)) DF, Dipterex((R)) 500 and Lebaycid((R)) 500
constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent
(more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals
after parasitism showed that Assist((R)) and Kumulus((R)) DF were harmless to
the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex((R)) 500
was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and
moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid((R))
500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the
pupae. The dose-response test showed that Kumulus((R)) DF and Dipterex((R)) 500
were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus((R)) DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to
0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage.
Dipterex((R)) 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.
Field
evaluation of the effects of the insect growth regulator tebufenozide on
entomophagous arthropods and pests of apples
Author: Gurr, G. M.; Thwaite, W. G.; Nicol, H. I.
Year: 1999
Journal: Australian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 38
Pages: 135-140
Abstract: Organophosphate insecticides are very widely used in
commercial apple production to control fruit-attacking pests but their
broad-spectrum activity constrains biological control of other pests. Compounds
with narrow-spectrum activity are therefore desirable. The insect growth
regulator (IGR) tebufenozide was compared with another IGR, fenoxycarb, and the
organophosphate, azinphos-methyl, in a replicated field trial in the 1994/1995
apple-production season. Vacuum sampling of the tree foliage on five occasions
during the growing season showed significantly lower populations of various
natural enemies (spiders, lacewings and the specialist mite predator Stethorus
spp. adults and larvae) in the azinphos-methyl treatment than in either of the
two IGR treatments. The two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was most
numerous in the azinphos-methyl treatment. In 1995/1996, the entire trial area
was placed under a tebufenozide treatment program to determine the extent to
which natural enemy populations would recover when broad-spectrum insecticide
(azinphos-methyl) use was halted. Populations of polyphagous natural enemies
assumed levels broadly equivalent to those observed under IGR treatments the
previous year. Numbers of Stethorus spp. were lower than in the 1994/1995
season, possibly because T. urticae (prey) populations were much reduced from
the previous season's densities. All three insecticide treatments were equally
effective in controlling the lepidopteran pests, codling moth (Cydia pomonella
(L.)), lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas pastvittana (Walker)) and early season caterpillars
(predominantly Helicoverpa punctigern (Wallengren)). Results indicate that tebufenozide
provides good control of lepidopteran pests, while allowing the rapid build-up
of natural enemies which contribute to control of other pests.
The
effect of dimethoate and cypermethrin on soil-dwelling beetles under semi-field
conditions
Author: Gyldenkaerne, S.; Ravn, H. P.; Halling-Sarensen, B.
Year: 2000
Journal: Chemosphere
Volume: 41
Pages: 1045-1057
Abstract: The effect of cypermethrin and dimethoate exposure
on soil-dwelling beetles, in spring barley at different growth stages, of doses
of up to eight times maximum field application rate has been investigated.
Doses up to eight times maximum field application rate of cypermethrin did not
have any acute effects on larger beetles, such as P. melanarius and C. erratus.
Small beetles (A. bilineata, A. dorsale, B. lampros, B. obtustan) were not
harmed by doses up to two times maximum field application rate. T. hypnorum was
affected at maximum held rate. Dimethoate at maximum field application rate
harmed all species, but in particular the smaller species. When dimethoate was
applied in high foliage density fields in the summer, Very severe acute effects
on spring bleeding beetles were found. In the autumn, when only a low crop
cover existed, this very high effect was not observed. The severe effect in the
summer may be explained by the mode of action of dimethoate on 'old beetles'.
The observed high toxic effect of dimethoate on spring breeders in the summer
is expected only to have limited effect on the population, because the spring
breeders at this time of the year have finished their egg depositing in the
soil. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The
side-effects of pesticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal
(Hym., Trichogrammatidae), acute dose-response and persistence tests
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Hafes, B.; Degrande, P. E.; Herai, K.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 122
Pages: 569-573
Abstract: The side-effects of 21 pesticides were tested on the
Hymenoptera egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae, using four different types
of laboratory methods. The methods combined: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to
fresh pesticide residue on glass plates - initial toxicity worse case to select
harmless preparations, (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid
pupae (less susceptible life stage), (c) duration of harmful activity
(persistence) on adults - select preparations that are less persistent and (d)
dose-response exposures LD50 - to assess the risk margin. The results showed
that the preparations (used at the highest recommended dose) greatly differed
in their initial toxicity as well as in their persistence. The fungicide Topsin
M(R) (thiophanat-methyl) and the herbicides Pyramin(R) (chloridazon),
Butisan(R) S (metazachlor) and Banvel(R) 70 WG (dicamba) were harmless to T.
cacoeciae. The insecticides Match(R) (lufenuron) and Admiral(R) (pyriproxifen),
the fungicides Bavistin(R) (carbendazim), Aliette(R) (fosetyl) and Captan(R) 83
W (captan) as well as the herbicides Duplosan(R) 600 KV (mecoprop-p) and
Focus(R) (cycloxydim) were slightly harmful. The fungicide Scala(R)
(pyrimethanil) was moderately harmful. Telmion(R) (rape oil), Vertimec(R)
(abamectin) and Scala were harmful in the initial toxicity test but only
slightly persistent. These less persistent preparations are likely to have less
impact on the natural enemy in the field. In the persistence test, Zolone
Flow(R) (phosalon), Polo(R) (difenthiuron), Euparen(R) M (tolylfluanid),
Dithane(R) M 45 (mancozeb), Kumulus(R) (sulphur) constantly reduced parasitism
by between 90 and 100% and were rated a |