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Side
effects of plant protection products on Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym.
Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Abdelgader, H.; Hassan, S. A.
Year: 2002
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 25
Pages: 63-70
Abstract: The side effects of 13 plant protection products (9
insecticides/acaricides, 2 fungicides and 2 herbicides) on adults and immature
stages of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae [T. cacaeciae] were studied
in the laboratory. The results showed that one insecticide (Mimic,
tebufenozide), and one herbicide (Logran, triasulfuron), were safe to the
adults, whereas 6 insecticides and one fungicide were harmful. The other tested
insecticides (Naja, fenpyroximate; and Chess, pymetrozine), fungicide (Amistar,
azoxystrobin) and herbicide (Gesagard, prometryn) were slightly to moderately
harmful. Spraying onto immature stages of T. cacoeciae (within the host eggs
Sitotroga cerealella) showed that only one insecticide (Phosdrin, mevinphos)
was harmful, two insecticides (Confidor, imidacloprid; and Masai, tebufenpyrad)
were slightly harmful and the remaining preparations (Neemazal, azadirachtin;
Impuls, spiroxamine; Aztec, triazamate; Dicarzol, formetanate; and Chess) were
harmless.
Selective
toxicity of some pesticides to Hibana velox (Araneae : Anyphaenidae), a
predator of citrus leafminer
Author: Amalin, D. M.; Pena, J. E.; Yu, S. J.; McSorley, R.
Year: 2000
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 83
Pages: 254-262
Abstract: The toxicity of fourteen different pesticides used
in 'Tahiti' lime, Citrus aurantifolia
(Christman) Swingle, to the spider, Hibana velox (Becker) was tested under
laboratory conditions. Among the nine pesticides tested using a coated glass
vial method, the five broad-spectrum insecticides (azinphos-methyl,
chlorpyrifos, ethion, carbaryl, dicofol) were all highly toxic to H, velox,
causing 100% mortality even at the lowest concentration. Avermectin and
Provado(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as sprays had moderate toxicity;
whereas, Admire(R) (a.i., imidacloprid) applied as a drench and Tri-Basic(R)
(copper fungicide) caused the lowest percent mortality (10-30%) even at the
highest concentration. With a leaf-dip method, petroleum oil exhibited a low
toxicity to H. velox. However, when combining petroleum oil with avermectin, a
synergistic effect elevated the toxicity to moderate. Azadirachtin, Bacillus
thuringiensis, and diflubenzuron showed low impact on H. velox. Less than 20%
mortality was recorded at the highest concentrations for all of these products.
Side-effects
of pesticides on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera :
Anthocoridae) in the laboratory
Author: Angeli, G.; Baldessari, M.; Maines, R.; Duso, C.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 15
Pages: 745-754
Abstract: Laboratory trials were carried out in order to test
the effects of 29 pesticides on the predatory bug, Orius laevigatus. To
evaluate residual contact activity, newly moulted fourth instar nymphs of O.
laevigatus were placed on treated Petri dishes and their mortality was checked
after 7 days. The fecundity of surviving females was tested for 14 days. Young
O. laevigatus adults were fed with eggs of Ephestia kuehniella, treated with
the (above-mentioned) pesticides, to assess the effect of pesticides by
ingestion. Adult mortality, female fecundity and egg hatching were recorded.
Azadirachtin, granulosis virus products, mineral oil, pirimicarb, tebufenozide,
clofentezine, hexythiazox and copper oxychloride had no significant effect on
the survival and fecundity of O. laevigatus when predators were exposed to
pesticide residues by contact or by ingestion. Triflumuron and diflubenzuron
appeared to be harmless by contact, but diflubenzuron was slightly toxic when
ingested. Buprofezin and teflubenzuron were slightly to moderately toxic, while
hexaflumuron, flufenoxuron, and lufenuron showed a marked toxicity by contact
as well as by ingestion. A number of organophosphates, endosulfan and
deltamethrin were detrimental especially by contact. Imidacloprid was very
toxic by contact but only slightly toxic when ingested. Indoxacarb and
methoxyfenozide were less toxic than imidacloprid. These findings should be
considered when releases of O. laevigatus are used in greenhouses or on outdoor
crops.
Short
communication. Toxicity of abamectin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, mineral oil
and an industrial detergent with respect to Encarsia formosa (Gahan)
parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood nymphs
Author: Araya, J. E.; Estay, P.; Araya, M. H.
Year: 2006
Journal: Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research
Volume: 4
Pages: 86-90
Abstract: The control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomato
with Encarsia formosa
is influenced by the use of insecticides. Nine days after allowing E. formosa
adults to lay their eggs in T vaporariorum nymphs on tomato plants, insecticide
solutions (abamectin, mineral oil, acetamiprid, an industrial detergent and
imadacloprid) were applied at the highest recommended dosages to tomato
leaflets in Petri dishes using a Potter tower (four replicates, each involving
20 parasitized nymphs). Adult parasitoids began to emerge on day 7
post-application; this lasted 3-4 days, peaking on day 9 post-application. All
the tested products killed the E. formosa
pupae (an effect significantly different [P <= 0.05] to that achieved with
the water control). The products with the greatest toxicity were the detergent
(62.99% mortality) and mineral oil (49.55% mortality; no significant
difference). The effect of abamectin, the third most toxic agent (33.05%
mortality), was not statistically different to that of the mineral oil.
Imidacloprid (20.17% mortality) and acetamiprid (20.71% mortality) were the
least toxic treatments and could be used (along with abamectin to a lesser
extent) in integrated whitefly management programmes involving E. formosa pupae. At the concentrations used, the mineral
oil and industrial detergent are not recommended for use in such programmes
given their high toxicity to E. formosa pupae.
The
impact of two insecticides on predatory ground beetles (Carabidae) in newly
sown grass
Author: Asteraki, E. J.; Hanks, C. B.; Clements, R. O.
Year: 1992
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 120
Pages: 25-39
Abstract: Field scale experiments carried out over three years
showed that chlorpyrifos reduced the numbers of several carabid beetle species
caught in pitfall traps. Fonofos seed treatment was also shown to affect
selected species. Consideration of the biology of individuals of groups of
species provided explanations of why some species such as Nebria brevicollis,
Notiophilus spp., Bembidion spp., and Trechus quadristriatus were severely
affected by one or other of the chemicals, whereas other species (e.g. Amara
spp., Harpalus spp.) were able to survive or recolonise pastures shortly after
chemical application. Measurements of elytral and pronotal widths and counts of
mature eggs in N. brevicollis, which was trapped in reduced numbers over a long
period, were made and provided some information about the mode of action of
these chemicals.
Selectivity
of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum
reared on two laboratory-reared hosts
Author: Bastos, C. S.; de Almeida, R. P.; Suinaga, F. A.
Year: 2006
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 62
Pages: 91-98
Abstract: The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides,
fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested
on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on
two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier)
and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of
the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while
the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact
with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin,
carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were
highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of
emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S.
cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S.
cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin.
Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence
from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when
the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and
monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing
in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin
hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not
affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the
wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram,
mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to
parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect
the percentage of F, wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining
pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the
wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult
stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host
used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur
because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance. (c) 2005
Society of Chemical Industry.
Developing an Ecotoxicological Testing Standard for Predatory Mites in Australia: Acute and Sublethal Effects of FUngicides on Euseius victoriensis and Galendromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Author: Bernard, M.; Carew, M.; Hurst, P.; Horne, P.;
Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 891-899
Abstract: Laboratory
bioassays for testing the effect of agrochemicals on Euseius victoriensis (Womersley) and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) on detached leaves of Glycine max (L.) (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris L. (French bean) were
developed. The tests allowed standardized comparisons between mite species and
leaf substrates, under “worst-case scenario” exposure, comparable with
commercial pesticide application. Young juveniles, along with their initial
food and the entire water supply, were sprayed to the point of runoff by using
a Potter spray tower. The highest registered field rate concentration used on
French bean was adjusted to deliver the same pesticide dose per higher runoff
point spray volume on soybean. Cumulative mortality was assessed at 48 h, 4 d, and
7 d afterspray application. Fecundity was assessed for 7 d from the onset of
egg lay. Boscalid (Filan 500 WG), dithianon (Delan 700 WG), and kresoxim-methyl
(Stroby 500 WG) caused no significant 7-d mortality or fecundity reduction to G. occidentalis or E. victoriensis compared with controls, and are classified as
harmless to both species. Mancozeb (Mancozeb 750 WG) was highly toxic to both species,
resulting in severe mortality and fecundity reduction and is considered
incompatible with integrated pest management programs that use these species.
Metiram (Polyram 700 WG) was highly toxic to E. victoriensis but only moderately toxic to G. occidentalis. Analyses of mortality proportions, including, and
excluding unaccounted escapees, produced the same results. Test standardization
on leaf substrates provides an alternative approach to standardization via
residue on glass used by International Organisation for Biological and Integrated
Control or Noxious Animals and Plants/West Palaearctic Regional Section
regulatory testing in the European Union.
Effects
of several types of insecticides on the mite predator, stethorus-punctum
(Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), including insect growth regulators and abamectin
Author: Biddinger, D. J.; Hull, L. A.
Year: 1995
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 88
Pages: 358-366
Abstract: Abamectin, methomyl, several types of insect growth
regulators (IGRs), and several organophosphate insecticides were evaluated for
toxicity to the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of the coccinellid mite
predator, Stethorus punctum (LeConte). Field-collected eggs were dipped into
aqueous solutions to evaluate ovicidal activity; field collected mid-instars
and adults were tested by a 24-h dry film exposure method. Multiple mortality
readings were done over time. Pupal mortality was evaluated in field plots that
received biweekly applications. Fenoxycarb was ovicidal in the laboratory and
disrupted the larval-pupal molt in the field. Abamectin was toxic to S. punctum
larvae and adults in the laboratory and methomyl was toxic to adults.
Teflubenzuron was toxic to the pupal stage in the field; along with fenoxycarb,
this IGR caused late-season increases of phytophagous mite populations in field
trials. Tebufenozide was not toxic to all S. punctum stages in the laboratory
and field. S. punctum was tolerant to all organophosphate insecticides tested.
Effect
of pesticide mixtures on the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis AH
(Acarina, Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory
Author: Blumel, S.; Gross, M.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 125
Pages: 201-205
Abstract: The acaricide hexythiazox (Acorit(R) SC, 100 g
a.i.l(-1)), the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton spezial(R) WG, 52 g a.i.kg(-1))
and the insecticide heptenophos (Hostaquick(R) EC: 550 g a.i.l(-1)), were
tested in the laboratory for their side-effects on the predatory mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis A.H. The pesticides were either applied separately at a
range of concentrations or in admixture to detached bean leaves using a Potter
Tower to deposit 2 mg spray solution per cm(2) No significant differences in
the mean mortality rate of the phytoseiid or in the mean reproduction per
female was found between the different treatments. Total effect values ranged
from 5.4 to 38.7% after separate application of the test products and from 8.9
to 25.5% after treatment with the various pesticide mixtures.
Comparative
trials on the effects of two fungicides on a predatory mite in the laboratory
and in the field
Author: Blumel, S.; Pertl, C.; Bakker, F. M.
Year: 2000
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata
Volume: 97
Pages: 321-330
Abstract: Both laboratory tests with the open glass plate
method of Louis & Ufer (1995) and a field study in a vineyard were carried
out to test the side effects of the two fungicides, Dithane Ultra WG75 and
Polyram Combi WG70, on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acarina:
Phytoseiidae). The effects of both fungicides in the residual contact test in
the laboratory were more pronounced than the actual effects obtained in the
field even after multiple application of the test products. The study results
suggest, that for the selected test products the current laboratory guidelines
correctly triggered the field test. Methodological problems of the laboratory
test due to the repellent effect of the fungicides are discussed.
Vineyard
pesticides and their effects on invertebrate biomarkers and bioindicator
species in New Zealand
Author: Booth, L. H.; Bithell, S. L.; Wratten, S. D.;
Heppelthwaite, V. J.
Year: 2003
Journal: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology
Volume: 71
Pages: 1131-1138
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effects
of five fungicides used in Quebec
apple orchards on Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Phytoseiidae : Acari)
Author: Bostanian, N. J.; Thistlewood, H.; Racette, G.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology
Volume: 73
Pages: 527-530
Abstract: The toxicity of the fungicides captan, dodine,
mancozeb, metiram and myclobutanil to adults, nymphs and 0-24 h eggs of
Amblyseius fallacis was evaluated in the laboratory. Dodine and mancozeb
reduced egg hatch significantly in comparison with water controls and dodine
was the most toxic to the nymphs. Captan and metiram had no effect and the
remaining fungicides were of intermediate toxicity. None of the fungicides
affected the longevity and the fecundity of young females.
Relative
toxicity of permethrin to Mononychellus-progresivus Doreste and
Tetranychus-urticae Koch (acari, tetranychidae) and their predators
Amblyseius-limonicus Garman and McGregor (acari, phytoseiidae) and
Oligota-minuta cameron (coleoptera, staphylinidae) - bioassays and field
validation
Author: Braun, A. R.; Guerrero, J. M.; Bellotti, A. C.;
Wilson, L. T.
Year: 1987
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 16
Pages: 545-550
Abstract: Feasibility of using permethrin for predator-exclusion experiments was studied in the Cauca Valley region of Colombia. Impact of permethrin on the cassava pests, Mononychellus progresivus Doreste and Tetranychus urticae Koch; their natural enemies, Amblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor (formerly in Typhlodromalus) and Oligota minuta Cameron; and the sympatric pest, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, was determined through laboratory bioassays and field tests. Laboratory LC50 data showed that the predaceous species were more than an order of magnitude more susceptible to permethrin than their prey. Doses for field testing were chosen based on laboratory data. No effect upon P. herreni survivorship or fecundity was measured at the highest dose chosen for field testing. In the field, data were obtained only for A. limonicus and M. progresivus. Plots that received bimonthly treatments with either 2 or 8 g (a.i.)/100 liters had significantly lower numbers of A. limonicus than untreated plots. M. progresivus numbers began to increase in treated plots immediately after initiation of permethrin application and remained significantly higher than in untreated plots throughout the course of the treatment period.
Effect
of the insecticides abamectin and lufenuron on eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla
externa under laboratory conditions
Author: Bueno, A. F.; Freitas, S.
Year: 2004
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 49
Pages: 277-283
Abstract: The side effects of two insecticides/acaricides,
abamectin and lufenuron, on the eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) were studied in
the laboratory (25 +/- 2degreesC, 62 +/- 10% RH and 12-h photophase). The
analytical methods used were those proposed by the International Organization
for Biological Control (IOBC)-Working Group for 'Pesticides and Beneficial
Organisms'. Chrysoperla externa egg viability was not affected by abamectin.
Neonate larvae from abamectin sprayed eggs as well as first, second and third
instar larvae that were directly treated, developed normally and yielded normal
adults. Lufenuron presented no adverse effects on egg survival. However,
lufenuron induced high mortality in neonate larvae from treated eggs. These
neonates, as well as lufenuron treated first and second instar larvae could not
molt. In the third instar, high pupal mortality occurred. The results showed
that abamectin is innocuous and that lufenurom is toxic to Chrysoperla externa
eggs and larvae.
Assessing
the environmental impacts of pesticides used on processing tomato crops
Author: Bues, R.; Bussieres, P.; Dadomo, M.; Dumas, Y.;
Garcia-Pomar, M. I.; Lyannaz, J. P.
Year: 2004
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 102
Pages: 155-162
Abstract: The environmental impacts of pesticides used on
processing tomato crops at 10 experimental sites of five Mediterranean
countries and on the Reunion
Island were assessed over
3 years using two different methods. The indicator obtained using the
environmental impact quotients (EIQ) of pesticides method was highly correlated
with the amount of active ingredients used, whereas the indicator based on the
pesticide environmental impact (IPEST) method was highly correlated with the
number of treatments applied. Both methods showed that fungicides were largely
responsible for the estimated impacts. The EIQ method showed that the impact
was greater on non-human biota than farmworkers and consumers. The indicators
obtained using these two methods were only slightly correlated with each other
but both methods used together provided a more complete analysis of the impacts
of pesticides. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Toxicity
of some insecticides to Tetranychus urticae, Neoseiulus californicus and Tydeus
californicus
Author: Castagnoli, M.; Liguori, M.; Simoni, S.; Duso, C.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 50
Pages: 611-622
Abstract: Three mite species are frequently found on vegetable
crops in Italy:
the pest Tetranychus urticae Koch ( Acari: Tetranychidae), the predator
Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) ( Acari: Phytoseiidae) and the unspecialised
feeder Tydeus californicus ( Banks) ( Acari: Tydeidae). In laboratory trials,
the direct and residual effects of six insecticides recommended for the control
of aphids, whiteflies and thrips in vegetable crops, (Biopiren(R) plus (
pyrethrins), Confidor(R) ( imidacloprid), Oikos(R) ( azadirachtin), Plenum(R)
(pymetrozine), Naturalis(R) (Beauveria bassiana) and Rotena(R) ( rotenone)),
were evaluated for the three mite species. All the products affected the mites
and their effect was often favourable towards T. urticae and unfavourable
towards N. californicus and T. californicus. Rotenone was more toxic to eggs
than females of T. urticae. It was highly toxic to N. californicus and caused
the death of all treated females of T. californicus. Pyrethrins and
imidacloprid increased T. urticae fecundity, but decreased fecundity of N.
californicus. Imidacloprid decreased T. californicus fecundity more than
pyrethrins. Beauveria bassiana was not toxic to T. urticae and T. californicus,
but induced high mortality in the progeny of treated females of N.
californicus. Azadirachtin and pymetrozine were the least toxic to T. urticae
and N. californicus, but decreased production of larvae in T. californicus.
Implications for integrated pest management on vegetables are discussed.
Comparative
residual toxicities of pesticides to the predator Euseius mesembrinus (Acari :
Phytoseiidae) on citrus in Florida
Author: Childers, C. C.; Aguilar, H.; Villanueva, R.;
Abou-Setta, M. M.
Year: 2001
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 84
Pages: 391-401
Abstract: Residual toxicities of registered and selected
experimental pesticides used on citrus against Euseius mesembrinus (Dean)
(Acari: Phytoseiidae) were compared. A tractor-drawn airblast sprayer
calibrated to deliver 2,338 liters/ha was used to apply pesticides at one or
more recommended rates on mature 'Ruby Red' grapefruit trees. Pesticides rated
as highly toxic were: azinphos-methyl 50WP at 4.48 kg/ha, dicofol 4EC at 7.01
liters/ha, formetanate 92SP at 5.84 kg/ha, dimethoate 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha,
malathion 57EC at 5.85 liters/ha, propargite 6.55EC at 3.51 liters/ha, benomyl
50WP at 1.68 kg/ha + ferbam 76GF at 5.60 kg/ha, ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha,
carbaryl XLR plus at 18.7 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha,
pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl
SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, ethion 4EC at 7.01 liters/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at
46.8 liters/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 1.46 liters/ha,
and pyridaben 75WP at 462 g/ha. Pesticides that were moderately to slightly
toxic were: sulfur 80DF at 16.81 kg/ha, abamectin 0.15EC at 731 ml/ha +
FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, chlor-fenapyr 2SC at 971 ml/ha +
FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, FC435-66 petroleum oil at 93.5
liters/ha, and chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85 liters/ha. Pesticides that were
considered non-toxic were: FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8 liters/ha, carbaryl
80S at 4.48 kg/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 971 mna, chlorpyrifos 4EC at 5.85
liters/ha, fenbuconazole 2F at 292 ml/ha + FC435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8
liters/ha, copper hydroxide 77WP at 4.48 kg metallic/ha, benomyl 50WP at 3.36
kg/ha, and fenbuconazole 2F at 584 ml;ha. Ferbam 76GF at 16.81 kg/ha, benomyl
50WP + ferbam 76GF, carbaryl SOS at 11.21 kg/ha, carbaryl XLR Plus + FC435-66
petroleum oil, and benomyl 50WP at 3.36 kg/ha had significantly higher numbers
of missing females from treated leaf surfaces suggesting these products were
repellent, irritating, and/or excitatory to the gravid females.
Toxic
effects of spinosad on predatory insects
Author: Cisneros, J.; Goulson, D.; Derwent, L. C.; Penagos,
D. I.; Hernandez, O.; Williams, T.
Year: 2002
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 23
Pages: 156-163
Abstract: Spinosad (Dow AgroSciences) is a mixture of
tetracyclic-macrolide compounds produced by a soil actinomycete and has been
classified as a bioinsecticide. Spinosad is highly active against Lepidoptera
but is reported to be practically nontoxic to insect natural enemies. We
assessed the impact of Spinosad in a granular maize-flour formulation on a
selection of insect predators over periods of 2-14 days. In all cases, the
quantities of Spinosad used were less than the maximum recommended rates given
on the product label. Adults of Aleochara bilineata Gyllenhal (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae) suffered a high prevalence of mortality following consumption of
1000 or 2000 ppm Spinosad active ingredient (a.i.), but little mortality at 200
ppm. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) did not
consume the granular formulation and suffered little overall mortality. After
14 days of exposure, the earwig, Doru taeniatum (Dohrn)
(Dermaptera:Forficulidae), suffered 48% mortality in the 1.2 ppm Spinosad
treatment increasing to 98% in the 1200 ppm Spinosad treatment compared to 20%
in controls. Earwigs suffered 86% mortality/intoxication 72 h after feeding on
Spinosad-contaminated Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)
larvae. A field trial was performed to compare applications of commercial
granular chlorpyrifos and Spinosad in maize-flour granules (200 and 2000 ppm
ad.; 4.8-48 g a.i./ha, respectively) or as an aqueous spray (160 ppm ad.; 48 g
a.i/ha) on earwigs held inside gauze bags. Mortality of earwigs on control
plants was less than 15% at 2 days postapplication compared to 33% on plants
treated with granular chlorpyrifos, 83% on plants sprayed with 160 ppm
Spinosad, and 91-95% on plants treated with 200-2000 ppm Spinosad granules,
respectively. Further mortality in the 24-h period postsampling ranged from
<5% in control treatments, to 9% in the chlorpyrifos treatment, and to
55-65% in the Spinosad spray and granule treatments. We conclude that Spinosad
cannot be considered to have an environmental safety profile similar to most
established biological insecticides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science.
Effect
of insecticides on mealybug destroyer (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) and
parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae), natural enemies of
citrus mealybug (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae)
Author: Cloyd, R. A.; Dickinson,
A.
Year: 2006
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 99
Pages: 1596-1604
Abstract: In this study, we measured, under laboratory
conditions, the direct and indirect effects of insecticides on mealybug
destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and
parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), natural
enemies of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).
The adult stages of both natural enemies were exposed to sprays of the
insecticides buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, flonicamid, acetamiprid, dinoteforan,
and clothianidin at label-recommended rates to assess direct mortality after
24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The effects of the insecticides on L.
dactylopii parasitization rate and percentage of parasitoid emergence also were
monitored using the label and 4X the recommended label rate. Dinotefuran was
extremely detrimental to the adult parasitoid at the label rate with 100%
mortality after 24 h. Buprofezin, pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid were not harmful
to L. dactylopii when applied at the label rate. At 4X the recommended label
rate, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, and clothianidin were all harmful to the
parasitoid with 100% mortality 72 h after application. Both buprofezin and
flonicamid were not toxic to L. dactylopii with 100% adult survival after 72 h.
Pyriproxyfen and flonicamid, at both the label and 4X the recommended label
rate, did not negatively affect L. dactylopii parasitization rate or percentage
of parasitoid emergence. Acetamiprid, dinotefuran, and clothianidin were toxic
to C. montrouzieri adults with 100% mortality after 48 h, whereas buprofezin,
pyriproxyfen, and flonicamid demonstrated minimal (10-20% mortality after 48 h)
harmful effects to the predator. Based on the results from our study, the
indirect effects of the insect growth regulator (IGR) buprofezin were not
decisive; however, the IGR pyriproxyfen and the insecticide flonicamid were not
directly or indirectly harmful to the predator C. montrouzieri and parastioid
L. dactylopii, indicating that these insecticides are compatible with both
natural enemies when used together for control of citrus mealybug in
greenhouses and conservatories.
Selectivity
of insecticides to the egg parasitoid Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988, (Hym.,
Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Consoli, F. L.; Botelho, P. S. M.; Parra, J. R. P.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 125
Pages: 37-43
Abstract: Trichogramma galloi Zucchi is an efficient
biological control agent against the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.)
in sugarcane fields in Brazil.
This parasitoid is also a candidate to be used in pest management programmes in
corn, as D. saccharalis has become a serious pest of this crop in some areas in
Brazil.
However, there is no data on the side-effects of chemicals on this species. The
side-effects of promising chemicals to control the sugarcane borer in corn were
tested by dipping eggs of the factitious host into the insecticidal solutions.
Two different treatments were tested. First, dipping parasitized host eggs at
different stages of immature development (egg-larva, prepupa and pupa), and
second, by offering treated eggs to newly emerged females. The toxicity of the
chemicals tested were dependent on the age of the parasitoid, affecting the
immature survival. developmental time from egg to adult, parasitization
capacity, adult longevity and the development of the filial generation.
Spinosad. tebufenozide, triflumuron and lufenuron delayed adult eclosion of T.
galloi when used to treat the host egg during the pupal stage. Spinosad was
harmful when tested against any immature stage and adults of T. galloi.
Lufenuron and triflumuron were harmful only when applied during the egg-larval
development of the parasitoid. Although they did not affect the pa rasitization
capacity, they caused almost 100% mortality of the immatures when used to treat
eggs prior to parasitization. Tebufenozide was harmless to T. galloi causing a
very slight immature mortality if used during the prepupal development.
Side-effects
of insecticides used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma
pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), a natural enemy of Tuta absoluta
(Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae)
Author: Consoli, F. L.; Parra, J. R. P.; Hassan, S. A.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 122
Pages: 43-47
Abstract: Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an important natural
enemy used for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomato fields in
several countries in South America. The
side-effects of insecticides on T. pretiosum was tested by dipping parasitized
host eggs (Ephestia kuchniella Zeller) at three different development stages
(egg-larvae, pre-pupae and pupae)in pesticide solution at recommended
concentrations. The insecticides varied in their toxicity and significantly
affected the development time of the immature stages, emergence, parasitism and
longevity of the adult parasitoid. Cartap and phenthoate were harmful and
caused total mortality in all the experiments in the three stages of
development tested. Lambda-cyhalothrin was not detrimental but caused a significant
increase in mortality, prolonged development of the immature stages and
decreased the capacity of parasitism of the emerged females. Tebufenozide,
teflubenzuron and abamectin had sublethal effects. They reduced the time of
development, especially when applied during the pupae stage. The capacity of
parasitism of emerged females decreased and was affected by the stage of
development treated. With abamectin treatments, parasitism decreased as the
development of the parasitoid advanced and the mortality of the emerged adults
from host eggs treated during the pupae stage was significantly higher.
Tebufenozide reduced parasitism when applied during the egg-larval and
pre-pupae stages. The results showed that cartap and phenthoate were harmful,
lambda-cyalothrin and abamectin were intermediate, tebufenozide and
teflubenzuron were harmless to slightly harmful. Nearly all the chemicals
tested had significant sublethal effects.
Managing
spider mites on fruit trees
Author: Cranham, J. E.
Year: 1979
Journal: Span
Volume: 22
Pages: 28-30
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effect
of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin applications on nontarget invertebrates in a
conservation tillage crop
Author: Curtis, J. E.; Horne, P. A.
Year: 1995
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 34
Pages: 229-231
Abstract: The short-term impact of two commonly used
insecticides (chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin) on predatory species of
invertebrates, including carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae), wolf spiders
(Araneae: Lycosidae), Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) and a
pest beetle, Gonocephalum adelaidae Blackburn
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), was assessed in a faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.
cv. Fiord) grown under conservation-tillage. The project aimed to identify
which, if any, of the key beneficial or pest invertebrates that are active on
the soil surface were affected by foliar applications of insecticides. The
activity of some species, reflected by numbers of pit Fall trapped individuals,
was affected within 24 h. There was a brief (1-d) increase, followed by a
reduction in the number of G. adelaidae, L. truncata and carabids captured in
the cypermethrin sprayed plots when compared to the control and chlorpyrifos
treatments. The numbers of carabids captured declined in both insecticide
treatments for the remainder of the study period, but neither treatment had any
observed effect on G. adelaidae, L. truncata or lycosid spiders.
The
impact of fungicides to control apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) on the predatory
mite Anystis baccarum and its prey Aculus schlechtendali (apple rust mite) in Northern Ireland
Bramley orchards
Author: Cuthbertson, A. G. S.; Murchie, A. K.
Year: 2003
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 22
Pages: 1125-1130
Abstract: Apple scab is the most serious disease in Northern
Ireland Bramley orchards: As a result, as many as 14 fungicide sprays can be
applied each season to control the disease. Anystis baccarum is a commonly
occurring predatory mite in the orchards. The effects of three commonly used
fungicides (captan/penconazole, mancozeb and dithianon) on A. baccarum and the
pest mite Aculus schlechtendali were investigated. On the mancozeb treated
trees there were fewer A. baccarum and more A. schlechtendali compared to the
other treatments, although the latter result was probably due to the condition
of the leaves in this treatment. Dithianon had no detrimental effect on A.
baccarum. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selectivity
of inseticides to eggs and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera :
Anthocoridae)
Author: de Carvalho, G. A.; Morais, A. A.; Rocha, L. C. D.;
Godoy, M. S.; Cosme, L. V.
Year: 2005
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 423-427
Abstract: The predator Orius insidiosus (Say) feeds on thrips,
aphids, whiteflies, mites and small caterpillars and contributes to regulate
the population of these pests in different agroecossystems. The present
research aimed to evaluate the selectivity of the pesticides abamectin, cartap,
cyromazine, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid, which are registered for
chrysanthemum crops, to eggs and first-, second- and third-instar nymphs of O.
insidiosus. A Potter tower was used to spray the insecticides on the eggs and
nymphs at the highest recommended rates. After spraying, the individuals were
kept under controlled conditions at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10 % RH and 12h
photophase. The effects of the pesticides on the embryonic period, on egg
viability, instar duration and nymph survival were evaluated. The eggs of O.
insidiosus were tolerant to all pesticides. Both cartap and cyromazine were
selective, whereas abamectin, fenpropathrin and imidacloprid were toxic to all
tested instars of O. insidiosus. Fenpropathrin was the most toxic pesticide and
killed 100 % of the nymphs. The insecticides cartap and cyromazine can be
recommended for integrated pest management programs in chrysanthemum crops.
Toxicity
of diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and diafenthiuron to the predatory
bug Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae)
Author: Delbeke, F.; Vercruysse, P.; Tirry, L.; De Clercq,
P.; Degheele, D.
Year: 1997
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 42
Pages: 349-358
Abstract: The susceptibility of the predatory bug Orius
laevigatus (Fieber) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen,
the nitroguanidine insecticide imidacloprid and the thiourea compound
diafenthiuron was investigated in the laboratory. Fifth-instar nymphs were
exposed to formulated materials of each compound and adults were exposed to
formulated materials of diafenthiuron and imidacloprid. In each case, exposure
via ingestion and residual contact was tested. Pyriproxyfen was harmless to O.
laevigatus nymphs by both ways of exposure. The respective LC50-values of
diflubenzuron via ingestion and residual contact were 229.9 and 391.1 mg
a.i./l. Diafenthiuron did not cause significant mortality to fifth-instar
nymphs and adults via ingestion but was toxic by residual contact with
LC50-values of 329.4 mg a.i./l and 125.9 mg a.i./l for nymphs and adults
respectively. Imidacloprid proved to be the most toxic compound with LC,,
values of 1.1 and 0.04 mg a.i./l for nymphs and 2.1 and 0.3 mg a.i./l for
adults, via ingestion and residual contact, respectively. The results suggest
that use of pyriproxyfen in an integrated pest management programme will not
cause any problems but that imidacloprid, and to a lesser extent, also
diflubenzuron and diafenthiuron could be harmful to the predator.
The
toxicity of 2 pyrethroids to Encarsia formosa and its
host Trialeurodes vaporariorum: prospecting for a resistant strain of the
parasite.
Author: Delorme, R.; Berthier, A.
Year: 1985
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 16
Pages: 213-214
Abstract: The toxicity of bioresmethrin and deltamethrin has
been studied on the host-parasite couple Trialeurodes vaporariorum-Encarsia formosa. Long
term trials were used under laboratory conditions. The insecticides were
applied to the plant at all stages of host and parasite development. The two
products studied showed some toxicity to E. formosa.
Bioresmethrin, a poorly persistent insecticide, could be used with care in
integrated control; deltamethrin, a highly persistent product, must be
excluded. Attempts to obtain strains of E. formosa
resistant to deltamethrin were made. The selection pressure applied during 21
successive generations failed to produce a significant and stable resistance
level.
The
toxicity of commonly used orchard chemicals to Stethorus nigripes
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Author: Edwards, B.A.B.; Hodgson, P.J.
Year: 1973
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomology Society
Volume: 12
Pages: 222-224
Abstract: The toxicity of 40 pesticides commonly used in orchards to adults of the rpedatory coccinellid, Stethorus nigripes (Kapur), was determined. Twelve of these chemicals including azinphos methyl 0.05%, carbaryl 0.1%, malathion 0.05% and aminocarb 0.075% proved to be highly toxic to the beetles while fifteen chemicals were relatively non-toxic. These latter materials and possibly some with intermediate toxicity could be considered for use in an integrated control programme.
The
implications of copper fungicide usage in vineyards for earthworm activity and
resulting sustainable soil quality
Author: Eijsackers, H.; Beneke, P.; Maboeta, M.; Louw, J. P.
E.; Reinecke, A. J.
Year: 2005
Journal: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Volume: 62
Pages: 99-111
Abstract: To investigate the impact of copper-containing
fungicides (copper oxychloride) on earthworms in South African vineyards, field
inventories of earthworms in and between vine rows were carried out and
compared to directly adjacent grassland. Also copper content, pH, organic
matter content, and soil porosity were determined in these soils. This was
combined with laboratory experiments to study the impact of vineyard soil
characteristics on the burrowing and dispersal behavior of earthworms.
Moreover, the direct toxic action of copper oxychloride on different endpoints
of the earthworms (survival and growth) was studied. Copper oxychloride had a
negative impact on these endpoints (decreased growth and survival related to
increased copper body content) as well as on the behavioral aspect (decreased
burrowing rate and avoidance of copper-containing soil). Moreover, there was an
inverse relation between burrowing activity and soil bulk density that could
also be related to the copper content. This may lead to a decrease in
sustainable soil quality in vineyards. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.
Imidacloprid,
a novel chlorotinyl insecticide: biological activity and agricultural
imporatnce.
Author: Elbert, A.; Nauen, R.; Leight, W.
Year: 1998
Editor: Ishaaya, I.;
Degheele, D.
Book Title: Insecticides with novel modes of action
City: Berlin,
Germany
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Pages: 50-73
Short Title: Imidacloprid, a novel chlorotinyl insecticide:
biological activity and agricultural imporatnce.
Abstract: This book conveys a wealth of information on
pesticide chemistry, biochemical modes of action, biological activity, and
theory of pesticide application for management programs. Emphasis is placed on
novel biological insecticides which block certain stages in the development of
pest insects. Special attention is given to insecticides with selective
properties. Their role in integrated pest management programs and in
insecticide resistance management strategies is discussed. The data and
concepts presented are essential in establishing new technologies and
developing novel groups of compounds which will determine our future agricultural
practices. Everybody involved in crop protection and developing new insecticide
chemistry from universities to chemical industries will benefit from this
volume.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of insecticide residues on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera :
anthocoridae) and Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera : lygaeidae)
Author: Elzen, G. W.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 94
Pages: 55-59
Abstract: Laboratory-reared predators, the insidious flower
bug, Orius insidiosus (Say), and big-eyed bug Geocoris punctipes (Say), were
exposed to 10 insecticides, including three newer insecticides with novel modes
of action. using a residual insecticide bioassay. These species are important
predators of several economic pests of cotton. Insecticides tested were:
azinphos-methyl, imidacloprid, spinosad, tebufenozide, fipronil, endosulfan,
chlorfenapyr, cyfluthrin, profenofos, and malathion. There was considerable
variation in response between both species tested to the insecticides.
Tebufenozide and cyfluthrin were significantly less toxic to male O. insidiosus
than malathion. Tebufenozide was also significantly less toxic to female O.
insidiosus than malathion. Imidacloprid tebufenozide, and spinosad were significantly less
toxic to male G. punctipes than chlorfenapyr, endosulfan, and fipronil.
Spinosad, tebufenozide, and azinphos-methyl were significantly less toxic to
female G. punctipesper than fipronil and endosulfan. Fecundity of O. insidiosus
was significantly greater in the spinosad treatment compared with other treatments
including the control. Consumption of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), eggs
by O. insidiosus was significantly lower in the fipronil, profenofos, and
cyfluthrin treatments compared with other treatments including the control.
Consumption of II. zea eggs by G. punctipes was significantly lower in the
malathion, profenofos, endosulfan, fipronil, azinphos-methyl, and imidacloprid
treatments compared with the control. Egg consumption by G. punctipes was not
significantly different in the tebufenozide treatment compared with the
control. The lower toxicity of spinosad to C. punctipes is consistent with
other reports. Based on these results, the following insecticides are not
compatible with integrated pest management of cotton pasts: malathion, endosulfan,
profenofos, fipronil, and cyfluthrin; while imidacloprid, tebufenozide,
azinphos-methyl, and spinosad should provide pest control while sparing
beneficial species.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of selected insecticides - On Geocoris punctipes
Author: Elzen, G. W.; Elzen, P. J.
Year: 1999
Journal: Southwestern Entomologist
Volume: 24
Pages: 199-205
Abstract: Adults of the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes
(Say), from a laboratory culture, were exposed to selected insecticides and
insect growth regulators (IGR's) using a foliar insecticide residue bioassay.
Methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and spinosad were not toxic to male and female
G. punctipes at the recommended rates, while chlorfenapyr produced only partial
mortality. At recommended rates, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr significantly
reduced the fecundity of G. punctipes compared with a control. Most of the
chemicals tested had no effect on host egg consumption of G. punctipes, whereas
a recommended rate of chlorfenapyr increased egg consumption. Tebufenozide,
methoxyfenozide, and chlorfenapyr appear very good for inclusion in IPM in
cotton while chlorfenapyr seems fairly good.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of selected insecticides and an insect growth regulator
on the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) ectoparasitoid Catolaccus
grandis (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae)
Author: Elzen, G. W.; Maldonado, S. N.; Rojas, M. G.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 300-303
Abstract: A laboratory culture of Catolaccus grandis (Burks),
an ectoparasitoid of the Loll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, was
exposed to lethal and sublethal doses of insecticides and an insect growth
regulator using a spray chamber bioassay. Materials tested were
azinphos-methyl, endosulfan, fipronil, malathion, cyfluthrin, dimethoate,
spinosad, methyl parathion, acephate, oxamyl, and tebufenozide. At full rates,
spinosad was significantly less toxic to female C. grandis than other
treatments except endosulfan. Fipronil and malathion were significantly more
toxic to females than other treatments. Most of the chemicals tested were
highly toxic to male C. grandis: spinosad was least toxic. At reduced rates,
most of 4 selected chemicals tested were low in toxicity to C. grandis;
however, a reduced rate of malathion was significantly more toxic to females
than other treatments. No C. grandis pupae developed from parasitism during a
24-h treatment period with malathion or spinosad. The sex ratio of progeny from
sprayed adults appeared to Le unaffected by the treatments.
Effects
of foliar and soil insecticide applications on the collembolan community of an
early set-aside arable field
Author: Endlweber, K.; Schadler, M.; Scheu, S.
Year: 2006
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 31
Pages: 136-146
Abstract: Effects of foliar and soil insecticide applications
on collembolan density and community structure were investigated in an early
set-aside arable field. Insecticides were applied separately and in combination
to the soil surface (chlorpyrifos) and vegetation (dimethoate). The treatments
were established to investigate effects of above- and below-ground insects on
plant succession. Starting in 1997, the insecticides were applied from April to
November at 2-week (dimethoate) or monthly intervals (chlorpyrifos). Samples
were taken in 2000 prior to and after insecticide application in March and
June, respectively. Both insecticides are lethal to Collembola and insecticide
applications resulted in a strong decline in the density of total Collembola.
Application of chlorpyrifos reduced collembolan density to a greater extent
than dimethoate; the effect of the combined application on total collembolan
numbers was similar to that of chlorpyrifos only. Collembolan numbers recovered
after the insecticide applications in 1999, but in the treated plots
populations were still reduced in March 2000 before the re-application of
insecticide treatments in that year. The insecticide applications changed the
dominance structure of the collembolan community, but had no effects on species
composition. The results may be of relevance for the interpretation of studies
on plant-insect herbivore interactions using insecticides. (c) 2005 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects
of spinosad and indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of the
multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Author: Galvan, T. L.; Koch, R. L.; Hutchison, W. D.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 34
Pages: 108-114
Abstract: Use of selective insecticides, such as spinosad and
indoxacarb. that are more toxic to lepidopteran pests than to Harmonia axyridis
(Pallas), could facilitate conservation of this predator in sweet corn
integrated pest management (IPM), We examined the effects of spinosad and
indoxacarb on survival, development, and reproduction of H. axyridis by
spraying first instars and adult females. Treatments for the first instar assay
were spinosad at 10.25, and 50% of the field rate (FR). indoxacarb at 10% FR.
and water (untreated check). We recorded survival of each life stage,
developmental time to adults and adult weight. Treatments for the adult female
assay were spinosad at 50 and 100% FR, indoxacarb at 50% FR. and water
(control), Each day. we recorded female survival and reproductive capacity.
Indoxacarb decreased survival of first instars and adults, extended the
developmental time for first instars to become adults, and reduced the
fecundity of H. axyridis females. Spinosad decreased survival of first instars.
extended the time for first instars to become adults, decreased weight gain,
and reduced the fertility of H. axyridis females. Our results Suggest that
spinosad and indoxacarb may reduce H. ayyridis population growth by affecting
its survival, development, and reproduction. We also conclude that indoxacarb,
when applied at 10% FR, has more lethal and sublethal effects oil H.axyridis
than spinosad applied at 10, 25 or 50% FR. The importance of sublethal effects
of insecticides. as well as acute toxicity. ill toxicological Studies with
natural enemies is discussed within the context of biological control and IPM.
(c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Toxicity
of pesticides used in peach orchard on adults Trichogramma pretiosum
Author: Giolo, Fabrizio Pinheiro; Gruetzmacher, Anderson Dionei; Manzoni,
Cristiane Gindri; De Lima, Crislaine Alves Barcellos; Noernberg, Sandro Daniel
Year: 2007
Journal: Bragantia
Volume: 66
Pages: 423-431
Abstract: The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of
pesticides used in peach orchard was assessed on adults of Trichogramma
pretiostim Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The experiments were
carried out using the International Organization for Biological and Integrated
Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West Palaearctic Regional Section (IOBC/WPRS)
standard methodology, under laboratory conditions at temperature of 25 +/- 10
degrees C, relative humidity of 70 +/- 10% and 14h photophase. The tests were
carried out by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film
applied on glass plates and assessed for the number of eggs parasitized by T.
pretiosum adult female. Reduction in capacity of parasitism of T. pretiosum
female compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the
effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories,
according to the reduction in parasitization (IOBC/WPRS): 1, harmless
(<30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); 4,
harmful (>99%). The fungicides (g of the active ingredient/100L, of water)
calcium + copper (40+100), dodine (79), folpet (125), iprodion (75), mancozeb
(160), mancozeb + copper oxichloride (88+60) and triforine (24) and the
insecticide teflubenzuron (3.75) were considered harmless (class 1); the
fungicide tebuconazol (20) and the mineral oil (800) were slightly harmful
(class 2); the fungicide-acaricide sulphur (480) and the herbicide
glufosinate-ammonium (200) were moderately harmful (class 3); the insecticides
fenitrothion (75), malathion (200), phosmet (100) and spinosad (6) were harmful
(class 4) to T. pretiosum.
Side-effects
of pesticides used in integrated production of peach on Trichogramma pretiosum
Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Giolo, F. P.; Grutzmacher, A. D.; Manzoni, C. G.;
Fachinello, J. C.; Nornberg, S. D.; Stefanello Junior, G. J.
Year: 2005
Journal: Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura
Volume: 27
Pages: 222-225
Abstract: The side effects of carbaryl, dimethoate, captan,
mancozeb, cyhexatin, glyphosate, trichlorfon and mineral oil, applied to
control pests infesting peach, on the parasitoid T. pretiosum were determined.
Captan and mancozeb had no adverse effects on the parasitoid. Cyhexatin and
glyphosate were slightly harmful, whereas mineral oil was moderately harmful to
the parasitoid. Dimethoate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and enxofre were harmful to
the parasitoid.
Selectivity
of six insecticides used in citrus crops on pupae and adults of Chrysoperla
externa (Hagen)
(Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)
Author: Godoy, M. S.; Carvalho, G. A.; Moraes, J. C.; Cosme,
L. V.; Goussain, M. M.; Carvalho, C. F.; Morais, A. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: 359-364
Abstract: The selectivity of the insecticides abamectin,
lufenuron, fenbutatin oxide, tebufenozide, thiacloprid and deltamethrin used in
citrus crops was evaluated for pupae and adults of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen). The experiments
were conducted in the Entomology Department of the Universidade Federal de
Lavras, MG, Brazil.
The spraying was accomplished by means of Potter tower with volume of
application of 1.5 +/- 0.5 mg/cm(2). After spraying, the pupae were kept in
test tubes in a climatic chamber and the adults in PVC cages in a room at 25
+/- 2degreesC, 70 +/- 10% RH and 12h photophase. A completely randomized
experimental design was used, with six products and ten replicates, each one
composed of three pupae or a pair of adults. The action of lufenuron on males
or females of C. externa was also evaluated under a completely randomized
design with three treatments and ten replicates, each one composed of one pair.
The insecticides were classified following the method established by the
International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious
Animals and Plants (IOBC). All compounds were selective to the pupae (E <
30% of mortality). However, thiacloprid and deltamethrin were toxic to the
adults (E > 99% of mortality), whereas fenbutatin oxide and tebufenozide
were selective. Lufenuron reduced the survival rate of the egg when sprayed on
the females. Thus, the results indicate that only fenbutatin oxide and
tebufenozide could be used with C. externa in integrated pest management
programs in citrus crops.
Conserving
vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae), in citrus: a continuing challenge as new insecticides gain
registration.
Author: Grafton-Cardwell, E.; Gu, P.
Year: 2003
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 96
Pages: 1388-1398
Abstract: The effects of insecticides used for California citrus pest
management were evaluated using larval and adult stages of vedalia beetle,
Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant). This predatory beetle is essential for control of
cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi (Williston) (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in San Joaquin Valley citrus. When adult beetles were
exposed to treated citrus leaves, adult survival was signiÞcantly reduced by
the foliar neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the pyrethroid cyßuthrin. Progeny production was signiÞcantly reduced
by imidacloprid, cyßuthrin, fenpropathrin, and buprofezin. Buprofezin,
pyriproxifen, and foliar imidacloprid also signiÞcantly reduced successful
development of larvae into the adult stage. When vedalia stages were fed
insecticide-treated cottony cushion scale reared on Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.)
Ait, toxic effects were more severe than contact toxicity alone. Adult beetle
survival was most profoundly reduced by the pyrethroids and to a lesser extent
the foliar neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid. Progeny production and
larval development to adulthood were reduced by all insecticides but were most
severely affected by pyriproxifen and the pyrethroids. Systemically applied
neonicotinoids were toxic to vedalia larvae feeding on cottony cushion scale
that had ingested these insecticides. These data demonstrate that IGRs, neonicotinoid
insecticides, and pyrethroid insecticides have a signiÞcant, negative impact on
vedalia beetles. Depending on the rate of insecticide used, the number and
timing of applications, and the level of coverage of the tree, disruption of
vedalia can be minimized. However, the situation is made difficult when pests
such as citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), forktailed
bush katydid Scuddaria furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera:
Tettigoiniidae), or glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) require these pesticide treatments during periods of
vedalia beetle activity.
Potential
for integrating eleven agricultural insecticides with the predatory bug
Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera : Reduviidae)
Author: Grundy, P. R.; Maelzer, D.; Collins, P. J.; Hassan,
E.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 584-589
Abstract: A problem for growers attempting to implement
integrated pest management programs is the lack of information regarding the
compatibility of insecticides with natural enemies. To provide information
about this problem, we evaluated the acute and residual effects of 11 commonly
used insecticides on nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis (Walker) under both laboratory and field
conditions. For each insecticide, the length of time that weathering residues
caused >50% mortality was evaluated and compared against the LC50
(acute-toxicity) divided by the recommended field rate. Plots thus combined the
acute and residual toxicity of each insecticide. Results suggested that
carbaryl, esfenvalerate, endosulfan, and deltamethrin had low residual and
acute toxicity to P. plagipennis, whereas chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and
monocrotophos were highly toxic at low concentrations and left persistent
harmful residues. Cypermethrin, methidathion, malathion, and dimethoate were
moderately toxic. The potential use of these insecticides to supplement the
control activity of P. plagipennis is discussed.
The side-effects
of pesticides used in integrated production of peaches in Brazil on the
egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Author: Grutzmacher, A. D.; Zimmermann, O.; Yousef, A.;
Hassan, S. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 128
Pages: 377-383
Abstract: The side-effects of six pesticides used on peaches
in Brazil were tested on the hymenopteran egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae
using four laboratory tests: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to fresh pesticide
residue on glass plates (worse case); (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing
the parasitoid egg, larvae or pupae (less-exposed life stages); (c) exposure of
adults to pesticide residues on plant leaves at different intervals after
application (persistence); (d) Dose-response pesticide exposures of adults on
glass plates. Two dose rates were used: (1) The highest recommended field
dosage (FD) and (2) the predicted initial environmental concentrations (PIEC).
The results showed that the preparations greatly differed in their initial
toxicity and persistence. The insecticide Valient((R)) (methoxyphenozide) and
the fungicide Venturol((R)) (dodine) were considered harmless to T. cacoeciae
adults as they fell into the class 1 category according to the guidelines of
the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) when parasitoids
were directly exposed to chemical residues. The insecticide/acaricide
Assist((R)) (mineral oil) was slightly harmful at the rate of PIEC 0.4 (40% of
FD) and moderately harmful at FD. Pesticides in the categories harmless and
moderately harmful can be considered for use in integrated pest management
(IPM). The fungicide/acaricide Kumulus DF(R) (sulphur) and the insecticides
Dipterex((R)) 500 (triclorfon) and Lebaycid((R)) 500 (fenthion) were harmful at
both concentrations. In the persistence test, Assist((R)) was short lived and
therefore may in special cases (i.e. reduced direct contact) be considered for
use in IPM, but Kumulus((R)) DF, Dipterex((R)) 500 and Lebaycid((R)) 500
constantly reduced parasitism between 77 and 100% and were rated as persistent
(more than 30 days). The direct spray of parasitized host eggs at intervals
after parasitism showed that Assist((R)) and Kumulus((R)) DF were harmless to
the parasitoid egg, larvae and pupae within the host eggs. Dipterex((R)) 500
was slightly harmful when sprayed one day after parasitism (parasitoid egg) and
moderately harmful to the other two stages (larvae and pupae). Lebaycid((R))
500 was harmful to the parasitoid egg and larvae and moderately harmful to the
pupae. The dose-response test showed that Kumulus((R)) DF and Dipterex((R)) 500
were toxic to T. cacoeciae. Kumulus((R)) DF was harmful from 1 PIEC 0.4 to
0.125 PIEC 0.4 dosages and was slightly harmful with 0.0625 PIEC 0.4 dosage.
Dipterex((R)) 500 was harmful to T. cacoeciae in all the dosages tested.
Field
evaluation of the effects of the insect growth regulator tebufenozide on
entomophagous arthropods and pests of apples
Author: Gurr, G. M.; Thwaite, W. G.; Nicol, H. I.
Year: 1999
Journal: Australian Journal of Entomology
Volume: 38
Pages: 135-140
Abstract: Organophosphate insecticides are very widely used in
commercial apple production to control fruit-attacking pests but their
broad-spectrum activity constrains biological control of other pests. Compounds
with narrow-spectrum activity are therefore desirable. The insect growth
regulator (IGR) tebufenozide was compared with another IGR, fenoxycarb, and the
organophosphate, azinphos-methyl, in a replicated field trial in the 1994/1995
apple-production season. Vacuum sampling of the tree foliage on five occasions
during the growing season showed significantly lower populations of various
natural enemies (spiders, lacewings and the specialist mite predator Stethorus
spp. adults and larvae) in the azinphos-methyl treatment than in either of the
two IGR treatments. The two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was most
numerous in the azinphos-methyl treatment. In 1995/1996, the entire trial area
was placed under a tebufenozide treatment program to determine the extent to
which natural enemy populations would recover when broad-spectrum insecticide
(azinphos-methyl) use was halted. Populations of polyphagous natural enemies
assumed levels broadly equivalent to those observed under IGR treatments the
previous year. Numbers of Stethorus spp. were lower than in the 1994/1995
season, possibly because T. urticae (prey) populations were much reduced from
the previous season's densities. All three insecticide treatments were equally
effective in controlling the lepidopteran pests, codling moth (Cydia pomonella
(L.)), lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas pastvittana (Walker)) and early season caterpillars
(predominantly Helicoverpa punctigern (Wallengren)). Results indicate that tebufenozide
provides good control of lepidopteran pests, while allowing the rapid build-up
of natural enemies which contribute to control of other pests.
The
effect of dimethoate and cypermethrin on soil-dwelling beetles under semi-field
conditions
Author: Gyldenkaerne, S.; Ravn, H. P.; Halling-Sarensen, B.
Year: 2000
Journal: Chemosphere
Volume: 41
Pages: 1045-1057
Abstract: The effect of cypermethrin and dimethoate exposure
on soil-dwelling beetles, in spring barley at different growth stages, of doses
of up to eight times maximum field application rate has been investigated.
Doses up to eight times maximum field application rate of cypermethrin did not
have any acute effects on larger beetles, such as P. melanarius and C. erratus.
Small beetles (A. bilineata, A. dorsale, B. lampros, B. obtustan) were not
harmed by doses up to two times maximum field application rate. T. hypnorum was
affected at maximum held rate. Dimethoate at maximum field application rate
harmed all species, but in particular the smaller species. When dimethoate was
applied in high foliage density fields in the summer, Very severe acute effects
on spring bleeding beetles were found. In the autumn, when only a low crop
cover existed, this very high effect was not observed. The severe effect in the
summer may be explained by the mode of action of dimethoate on 'old beetles'.
The observed high toxic effect of dimethoate on spring breeders in the summer
is expected only to have limited effect on the population, because the spring
breeders at this time of the year have finished their egg depositing in the
soil. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The
side-effects of pesticides on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal
(Hym., Trichogrammatidae), acute dose-response and persistence tests
Author: Hassan, S. A.; Hafes, B.; Degrande, P. E.; Herai, K.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 122
Pages: 569-573
Abstract: The side-effects of 21 pesticides were tested on the
Hymenoptera egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae, using four different types
of laboratory methods. The methods combined: (a) adult parasitoid exposure to
fresh pesticide residue on glass plates - initial toxicity worse case to select
harmless preparations, (b) direct spray of host eggs enclosing the parasitoid
pupae (less susceptible life stage), (c) duration of harmful activity
(persistence) on adults - select preparations that are less persistent and (d)
dose-response exposures LD50 - to assess the risk margin. The results showed
that the preparations (used at the highest recommended dose) greatly differed
in their initial toxicity as well as in their persistence. The fungicide Topsin
M(R) (thiophanat-methyl) and the herbicides Pyramin(R) (chloridazon),
Butisan(R) S (metazachlor) and Banvel(R) 70 WG (dicamba) were harmless to T.
cacoeciae. The insecticides Match(R) (lufenuron) and Admiral(R) (pyriproxifen),
the fungicides Bavistin(R) (carbendazim), Aliette(R) (fosetyl) and Captan(R) 83
W (captan) as well as the herbicides Duplosan(R) 600 KV (mecoprop-p) and
Focus(R) (cycloxydim) were slightly harmful. The fungicide Scala(R)
(pyrimethanil) was moderately harmful. Telmion(R) (rape oil), Vertimec(R)
(abamectin) and Scala were harmful in the initial toxicity test but only
slightly persistent. These less persistent preparations are likely to have less
impact on the natural enemy in the field. In the persistence test, Zolone
Flow(R) (phosalon), Polo(R) (difenthiuron), Euparen(R) M (tolylfluanid),
Dithane(R) M 45 (mancozeb), Kumulus(R) (sulphur) constantly reduced parasitism
by between 90 and 100% and were rated as persistent. The direct spray of
parasitized host eggs showed that Zolone Flow, Polo, Eupareum M, Dithane M 45,
Scala and Touchdown(R); were harmless to the parasitoid pupae within the egg,
that Telmion, Thiram(R) 80 WG and Kumulus were slightly harmful and Vertimec
was moderately harmful. The dose-response test indicated a risk quotient (dose
in g or ml product per ha/LD50 value) of spray drift for off-field parasitoids
for the chemicals in the order of increasing risk as follows: Polo (1.33)
followed by Thiram (3.62), Touchdown (7.54), Scala (10.39), Dithane M 45
(13.94), Telmion (27.04) and Zolone Flow_(39.34).
Effects
of field-weathered residues of insect growth regulators on some Coccinellidae
(Coleoptera) of economic importance as biocontrol agents
Author: Hattingh, V.; Tate, B.
Year: 1995
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 85
Pages: 489-493
Abstract: Use of the insect growth regulator (IGR)
pyriproxyfen (Nemesis(R)) for the control of red scale Aonidiella aurantii
(Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on citrus in southern Africa has led to
extensive disruption of the biocontrol of cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi
Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae) provided by the coccinellids Radolia
cardinalis (Mulsant) and other indigenous Rodolia spp. Similar effects on field
populations of Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius), a coccinellid predator of A.
aurantii, have also been observed. The adverse effects of field-weathered
residues of IGRs on the fecundity and egg viability of the coccinellids C.
nigrita and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant were determined in a laboratory
bioassay. Residues of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, and two chitin
synthesis inhibitors, buprofezin (Applaud(R)) and triflumuron (Alsystin(R)),
were tested. Exposure to residue-bearing leaves did not affect the number of
eggs laid by Chilocorus nigrita, but a complete, or near complete failure of
eggs to hatch ensued when adults were exposed to either 3, 7 or 19 week old
weathered residues from a single application of pyriproxyfen or triflumuron.
Three week old residues of buprofezin had the same effect, but both 7 and 19
week old residues no longer significantly reduced egg viability. Adults of both
C. nigrita and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri commenced laying viable eggs within 20
days of being separated from all residue-bearing leaves. One week old residues
of pyriproxyfen and triflumuron both significantly reduced progeny production
by C. montrouzieri. Ten week old triflumuron residues were still detrimental to
this species but pyriproxyfen residues of the same age were not. It was
concluded that IGRs are not compatible with integrated pest management (IPM)
for citrus in southern Africa, where
coccinellid biocontrol agents play an important role.
Effects
of methoxyfenozide, indoxacarb, and other insecticides on the beneficial egg
parasitoid Trichogramma nr. brassicae (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) under
laboratory and field conditions
Author: Hewa-Kapuge, S.; McDougall, S.; Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2003
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 96
Pages: 1083-1090
Abstract: Trichogramma nr. brassicae is a common egg
parasitoid of Helicoverpa species in Australian processing tomatoes, but its
effectiveness can be severely curtailed by insecticide applications. To
identify insecticides that are potentially compatible with this species, the
effects of seven insecticides, including newly introduced compounds and a
surfactant, were screened in laboratory and glasshouse assays for their
toxicity to the wasps. Assays involved direct applications on adults, residual
effects on adults, and applications on life stages still inside the host.
Methoxyfenozide and indoxacarb were not toxic to Trichogramma in any assay when
applied at field rates. Naled and chlorfenapyr caused 100% mortality when
directly applied to adults, and 95% mortality when adults were exposed to
residues of these chemicals within 24 h of application. The effects of naled
residues were short lived (<48 h). Naled and chlorfenapyr were also toxic
when applied to Trichogramma developing inside host eggs, reducing emergence of
adults by >25%. Imidacloprid, emamectin, and tau-fluvalinate were toxic in
some experiments; they caused >97% mortality in adults I h after direct
application and in residue assays they caused 23-64% mortality during the first
24 h. In field trials, methoxyfenozide had no harmful effects on emergence from
sprayed parasitized eggs, whereas indoxacarb had a small impact (<8%) on
emergence. Methoxyfenozide and indoxacarb are potentially suitable for
inclusion in integrated pest management strategies for management of
Helicaverpa because they do not influence adult survival or development of
immature stages, whereas other chemicals need to be treated cautiously.
Compatibility
of insect growth regulators with Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae) for whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control on poinsettias. 1.
Laboratory assays.
Author: Hoddle, M.S.; van Driesche, S.M.; Lyon, S.M.; Sanderson,
J.P.
Year: 2001
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 20
Pages: 122-131
Abstract: Abstract: The
compatibility of five insect growth regulators (IGRs), buprofezin,
pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb, pymetrozine, and kinoprene, were tested in the
laboratory for compatibility with the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus
Rose and Zolnerowich (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). The survivorship of adult
parasitoids foraging on poinsettia leaves with residues 6, 24, and 96 h of age
was determined. The toxicity of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) patches treated with IGRs presented to female
parasitoids 24 and 96 h posttreatment was quantified. survivorship of immature
E. erenticus developing within B. argentifolii nymphs was determined by
treating whitefly nymphs with IGRs 5 and 13 days postoviposition by female
parasitoids. Finally, behavioral observations of female parasitoids foraging on
IGR-treated and untreated B. argentifolii patches presented simultaneously were
quantified to determine whether IGR residues had a repellant effect toward E.
eremicus. Averaging ranks for IGSRs based on their compatibility with E.
eremicus and their ability to kill B. argentifolii nymphs produced the
following parasitoid compatibility order: buprofezin > fenoxycarb >
pymetrozine = pyriproxyfen > kinoprene. Further work in greenhouses
assessing the efficacy of buprofezin with E. eremicus for B. argentifolii
control on poinsettias is recommended. (C) 2000 Academic Press.
Cholinesterase
activity in the Tasmanian lacewing as a biomarker for organophosphorus
pesticides
Author: Hodge, S; Longley, M; Booth, L;
Heppelthwaite, V; O'Halloran, K
Year: 2000
Journal: Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology
Volume: 6
Pages: 109-116
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of two
organophosphorus insecticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, on the activity of
cholinesterase (ChE) in the Tasmanian lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae). Under
controlled laboratory conditions, ChE activity was clearly inhibited by
exposure to organophosphorus insecticides at concentrations an order of
magnitude below the manufacturers' recommendations for field applications.
Following exposure to freshly sprayed foliage under field conditions, high
mortality occurred during the first 24 hours, but by 48 hours, the acute
toxicity of the pesticides was no longer apparent. In the survivors from these
field experiments, there was no clear effect on ChE activity. These results
cast doubt on the usefulness of ChE activity in this species as a robust
biomarker of organophosphorus pesticide contamination for field purposes.
However, ChE activity can be measured in M. tasmaniae exposed in the laboratory
to provide supporting information regarding threshold levels for sub-lethal
impacts of organophosphorus pesticide contamination. The short-term mortality
responses of M. tasmaniae to organophosphorus pesticide exposure suggest that
this organism has potential as a bioindicator species in the field.
Inundative
releases of predatory stink bugs for control of Colorado potato beetle
Author: Hough-Goldstein, J.; Whalen, J.
Year: 1993
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 3
Pages: 343-347
Abstract: Release of Periflus bioculatus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs at either 1.6/row-m (0.5/row-ft) or 9.8/row-m (3/row-ft) significantly reduced the number of both small and large larvae of the Colorado potato beetle in small plots. The number of Colorado potato beetle egg masses was significantly reduced by the high release rate as well as by the low rate in combination with a reduced spray schedule of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis Berliner. Potato plant defoliation was significantly reduced by the high release rate. Three systemic soil insecticides (disulfoton, phorate, and aldicarb) caused significant mortality of P. bioculatus nymphs exposed to potato foliage 11 weeks after soil application. Four foliar insecticides had no effect on P. bioculatus nymphs exposed to recently sprayed foliage.
Pesticide
safety and beneficial arthropods.
Author: James, D.G.
Year: 2001
Periodical Title: Agriculture and Environmental News
Volume: 188
Pages: 8-12
Abstract:
Unavailable
Toxicity
of imidacloprid to Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus fallacis and Amblyseius
andersoni (Acari : Phytoseiidae) from hops in Washington State, USA
Author: James, D. G.
Year: 2003
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 31
Pages: 275-281
Abstract: The toxicity of systemic and spray formulations of
imidacloprid to Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt, Neoseiulus fallacis Garman
and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) from hop yards in Washington State was
evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The field rate of imidacloprid for hop
aphids (0.13 g a.i.l) was highly toxic (100% mortality) to G. occidentalis and
N. fallacis but less so (35.6% mortality) to A. andersoni. Half and quarter
rates were also highly toxic to G. occidentalis and N. fallacis (79.5-100%
mortality) but again had lower toxicity to A. andersoni (8.2-31.3% mortality).
Systemic toxicity (via consumption of spider mite motiles feeding on leaf discs
cut from imidacloprid-treated (0.13 g a.i.l) dwarf bean plants) was also high
for G. occidentalis (98.3% mortality), as was toxicity from dried residues
(93-98% mortality). Residual toxicity to N. fallacis was also high (89%
mortality). The significance of these results for biological control of spider
mites in hops and other crops is discussed.
Effect
of buprofezin on survival of immature stages of Harmonia axyridis, Stethorus
punctum picipes (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera :
Anthocoridae), and Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera : Geocoridae)
Author: James, D. G.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 900-904
Abstract: The effect of buprofezin, a chitin synthesis
inhibitor, on development and survival of immature stages of Harmonia axyridis
(Pallas), Stethorits punctum picipes Casey, Orius tristicolor (White), Geocoris
pallens Stal, and Geocoris punctipes (Say), was examined in a series of
laboratory bioassays. Very few H. axyridis larvae (3.1%) treated with buprofezin
reached adulthood, although 65% of treated pupae emerged successfully.
Buprofezin caused no mortality to eggs of S. punctum picipes but 71.1% of
treated early instar larvae failed to complete development. Eighty percent of
treated late instars and 92.3% of pupae produced viable adults. Early instar
nymphs of O. tristicolor were unaffected by buprofezin, whereas 47.7 and 85% of
G. punctipes and G. pallens nymphs, respectively, failed to complete
development. Treated eggs of G. pallens hatched successfully. The use of
buprofezin in integrated pest management in Washington state wine grapes is discussed.
The
effect of imidacloprid on survival of some beneficial arthropods
Author: James, David G.; Vogele, Beverley
Year: 2001
Journal: Plant Protection Quarterly
Volume: 16
Pages: 58-62
Abstract: In laboratory bioassays, the field rate of
imidacloprid registered for control of aphids in stone fruit (0.0053% a.i.),
was highly toxic to Oechalia schellembergii (Guerin-Meneville) (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae) and Archimantis sp. (Mantodea: Mantidae), partially toxic to Coccinella
transversalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and non-toxic to Pristhesancus
plagipennis Walker
(Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and Dicranolaius bellulus (Guerin-Meneville)
(Coleoptera: Melyridae). This rate was also harmless to the predatory mites, Typhlodromus
dossei Schicha and T. doreenae Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae), although a
ten-fold increase in rate caused 19% mortality in T. doreenae. Populations of
Stethorus vagans (Blackburn), Rhyzobius
lophanthae (Blaisdell) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), coccinellid and neuropteran
larvae, were significantly reduced for 4-9 weeks by a single application of
imidacloprid (0.0053% a.i.) to an apricot orchard. Populations of D. bellulus,
spiders and parasitic Hymenoptera were not reduced by imidacloprid. The variability
of imidacloprid in its impact on different species of beneficial arthropods is
discussed with reference to its use in integrated pest management programs.
Side-effects
of pesticides on adults of Aphidius rhopalosiphi DeStefani-Perez (Hymenoptera:
Aphidiidae) in the laboratory: results of the 8th Joint Pesticide Testing
Programme
Author: Jansen, J. P.
Year: 2000
Journal: Bulletin OILB/SROP
Volume: 23
Pages: 65-72
Abstract: Fourteen of the 21 pesticides from the 8th JPTP were
tested on adult Aphidius rhopalosiphi at their maximum recommended field rate
on glass plates. Bavistin [carbendazim], Dithane M45 [mancozeb], Thianozan
[thiram] and Topsin M [thiophanate-methyl] were determined as harmless to the
parasitoid in the laboratory experiment. Captan, Euparen [dichlofluanid],
Kumulus [sulfur], Match [difenzoquat], Polo [diafenthiuron], Scala
[pyrimethanil] and Telmion [a formulated rapeseed oil product], which were
slightly harmful, and Admiral [pyriproxyfen], Vertimec [abamectin] and Zolone
[phosalone], which were harmful, need further tests in the laboratory or in the
field for an adequate assessment of their side effects on A. rhopalosiphi. The
effect of insect growth regulators like Match and Polo on reproduction was
limited to the first generation.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of insecticides on two parasitoids attacking Bemisia
argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae)
Author: Jones, W. A.; Ciomperlik, M. A.; Wolfenbarger, D. A.
Year: 1998
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 11
Pages: 70-76
Abstract: The long-term goal of this report is the
documentation of the sublethal effects of pesticides to parasitic Hymenoptera.
The objective of this laboratory study was to determine if parasitoids can be
conserved or augmented against Bemisia argentifolii in crops where insecticides
are also applied for other pests. Lethal and sublethal effects were measured
for six insecticides applied in the laboratory to host larvae containing two
different developmental stages each of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet from Spain and a
common local species Eretmocerus tejanus Rose and Zolnerowich. Survival varied
according to insecticide and developmental stage. When applied 5 days after
parasitoid oviposition, thiodicarb allowed the highest rates of adult emergence
by E. tejanus (65.9%) and E. mundus (35.8%). Endosulfan was the next
least-toxic material, followed by the organophosphates azinphos-methyl and
methyl parathion, and the insect growth regulator buprofezin. The pyrethroid
bifenthrin was most toxic to both parasitoids in both developmental stages.
When applied just before the expected emergence of adults, survival ranged from
47.2 to 92.2% with buprofezin, thiodicarb, and endosulfan. Some significant
differences among treatments in longevity of emerged adults were detected, but
females of both parasitoid species that survived the least-toxic materials were
able to mate and reproduce. These findings demonstrate that there exists a wide
range of responses by Bemisia parasitoids across a variety of chemicals, and
that sublethal effects on the subsequent longevity and reproductive ability
among survivors of the least-toxic chemicals were not severe. This study
demonstrates the value of assessing sublethal effects of pesticides by showing
that adult parasitoids that survive pesticides applied to immature stages
within their host do not necessarily suffer latent detrimental effects on
important biological parameters.
Side-effects
of three pesticides on the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari :
Phytoseiidae)
Author: Kavousi, A.; Talebi, K.
Year: 2003
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 31
Pages: 51-58
Abstract: Side-effects of three commonly used pesticides in Iran were
evaluated on an introduced strain of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus
persimilis Athias-Henriot, reared for about 10 years without exposure to any
pesticides. Application of pesticides was carried out either to detached bean
leaves using a Potter tower at 1 mg wet deposit per cm(2) or by a hand sprayer
on bean plants until run off. According to an EPPO decision making scheme,
pirimiphos-methyl was found to be harmful (E = 90.8%) and heptenophos harmless
(E = - 3.7%) to the predatory mite in the residual initial toxicity tests. For
determination of the hazard class of malathion a field test was found to be
necessary (E = 59.8%). Categories of 1, 2, 3 were determined for heptenophos,
malathion and primiphos-methyl, respectively, using IOBC classification.
Despite being harmful, it is possible to use pirimiphos-methyl 10 days before
release of P. persimilis. Investigation of the contribution of both lethal and
sub-lethal effects to total impact indicated the dominance of lethality in the
case of pirimiphos-methyl, while malathion acted by both mechanisms.
Heptenophos did not have negative effects on fecundity of P. persimilis but
rather caused a higher rate of fecundity in comparison with the control. The
mortality found in the heptenophos test was not significantly different from
the control.
Toxicity
of insecticides to conccinella-repanda thunberg (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Author: Kay, I. R.
Year: 1979
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
Volume: 18
Pages: 233-234
Abstract: Coccinella repanda larvae and adults were
tested by topical application to determine their tolerance levels to nine
insecticides. Based on 48 hour LD5O values the ascending order of toxicity to
larvae was endosulfan, pirimicarb, thiometon, formothion. chlorpyrifos,
demeton-S-methyl, dimethoate, phosphamidon and monocrotophos, and to adults the
order was endosulfan, pirimicarb. formothion, chlorpyrifos, thiometon,
demeton-S-methyl, phosphamidon. dimet hoate and monocrotophos. The study was conducted as an aid in
developing pest management programmes for Therioaphis rrifolii f. maculaia and
Acryihosiphon kondoi in lucerne as C. repanda is an important predator of the
aphids.
Comparison
of two field-scale approaches for the study of effects of insecticides on
polyphagous predators in cereals
Author: Kennedy, P. J.; Conrad, K. F.; Perry, J. N.; Powell,
D.; Aegerter, J.; Todd, A. D.; Walters, K. F. A.; Powell, W.
Year: 2001
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 17
Pages: 253-266
Abstract: In the UK, recommended field trial protocols for
assessing within-season effects of insecticides on non-target arthropods in
cereals utilise either large (1 ha or greater) open plots or small (not less
than 10 m x 10 m) enclosed plots. Prior to this study, no direct comparison of
the relative effectiveness and reliability in discerning such effects of these
two approaches had been attempted. In a 2-year study, the effects of dimethoate
and pirimicarb on polyphagous predators were investigated using both small
enclosed plots and large open plots in the same experiment. The
activity-density of Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae was measured using
pitfall traps over at least five pre- and four post-treatment weeks in each
year. More species were caught in greater numbers in large open plots than in
small enclosed plots. Both approaches caught sufficient individuals to analyse
effects of insecticides on whole taxonomic families but too few individuals
were caught in small enclosed plots to analyse effects on species other than
those most abundant. More individuals were caught per trap and catch
variability was less in large open plots than in small enclosed plots. The
impact of plot type on pitfall trap catch was greatest for Carabidae and least
for Staphylinidae. Treatment with dimethoate led to significant short-term
reductions in catches of Carabidae and Linyphiidae, while treatment with
pirimicarb had no significant effect on polyphagous predators. Neither of the
insecticides applied in 1993 affected pitfall trap catches, in the following
year, of predators that were active pre-treatment. No significant interactions
were recorded between plot type and insecticide treatment, but low and variable
pitfall trap catches in small enclosed plots makes the detection of such
interactions difficult. Small enclosed plots, with pitfall traps placed
centrally, should not be used in field trials as an alternative to large open
plots without modifying sampling methods to increase trap captures and decrease
overall variability in numbers caught. The use of more traps, more efficient
trapping and greater replication all need to be investigated. (C) 2001 Elsevier
Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects
of agrochemicals on life-history parameters of Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead
(Hymenoptera : Braconidae)
Author: Kobori, Y.; Amano, H.
Year: 2004
Journal: Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 39
Pages: 255-261
Abstract: The contact and ingestion toxicities of selected
agrochemicals applied at the standard field rate against adult females and
pupae in host mummies of a native parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis were studied
using several bioassays. Fresh residues of five insecticides (cartap,
chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate, permethrin and imidacloprid) were found to be
highly toxic against adult females as compared with the pupae in mummies.
Evaluation of the residual effects of these five insecticides on cabbage
foliage showed that cartap and imidacloprid were highly persistent. In the same
assay, two IGRs (chlorfluazuron and lufenuron) and a fungicide (copper oxychloride)
were harmless against adult females. When these agrochemicals were fed orally
at the field rate, the mortality of adult females ranged from 13.3 to 46.7%.
Ingestion of copper oxychloride had a slightly negative effect on parasitism.
Impact
of halofenozide, imidacloprid, and bendiocarb on beneficial invertebrates and
predatory activity in turfgrass
Author: Kunkel, B. A.; Held, D. W.; Potter, D. A.
Year: 1999
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 92
Pages: 922-930
Abstract: Imidacloprid, a chloronicotinyl, and halofenozide, a
bisacylhydrazine ecdysteroid agonist, recently have become widely used for
residual control of scarabaeid grubs in turf. We evaluated their impact on
earthworms and beneficial arthropods in field trials, and tested whether
application in late spring might interfere with subsequent predation on black
cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Humagel), and Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica
Newman, life stages in Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., turf. Bendiocarb,
a short-residual carbamate, was included for comparison. Imidacloprid caused
some short-term suppression of earthworms, whereas bendiocarb had severe impact
on earthworms, mesostigmatid mites, and Collembola Pitfall trap captures of
predatory coleopteran larvae and hister beetles were reduced by imidacloprid
and bendiocarb, but abundance of ants, carabids, spiders, and staphylinids was
largely unaffected. Halofenozide caused no reduction in abundance of any group
of beneficial invertebrates. Scavenging on fresh-frozen A. ipsilon larvae was
reduced for approximate to 1 wk after use of imidacloprid or bendiocarb, but
predation rates on eggs or pupae of A. ipsilon, and on implanted P. japonica
eggs. were unaffected. This work suggests that application of halofenozide or
imidacloprid, followed by irrigation, will have relatively little impact on
beneficial invertebrates, although both compounds are persistent enough to
control P. japonica and Cyclocephala spp. grubs eclosing several months later.
Lethal
and sublethal effects of bendiocarb, halofenozide, and imidacloprid on Harpalus
pennsylvanicus (Coleoptera : carabidae) following different modes of exposure
in turfgrass
Author: Kunkel, B. A.; Held, D. W.; Potter, D. A.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 94
Pages: 60-67
Abstract: Routes by which nontarget predatory insects can be
exposed to turfgrass pesticides include topical, residual, and dietary
exposure. We used each of these routes to evaluate potential lethal or
sublethal effects of two novel turfgrass insecticides, imidacloprid and
halofenozide, and a carbamate, bendiocarb, on survival, behavior, and fecundity
of the ground beetle Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer. Field-collected carabids
were exposed to direct spray applications in turf plots, fed food contaminated
by such applications, or exposed to irrigated or nonirrigated residues on turf
cores. Halofenozide caused no apparent acute, adverse effects through topical,
residual, or dietary exposure. Moreover, the viability of eggs laid by females
fed halofenozide-treated food once, or continuously for 30 d, was not reduced.
In contrast, topical or dietary exposure of carabids to bendiocarb inevitably
was lethal. Exposure to imidacloprid by those routes caused high incidence of
sublethal, neurotoxic effects including paralysis, impaired walking, and
excessive grooming. Intoxicated beetles usually recovered within a few days in
the laboratory, but in the field, they were shown to be highly vulnerable to
predation by ants. One-time intoxication by imidacloprid did not reduce
females' fecundity or viability of eggs. There was no apparent behavioral
avoidance of insecticide residues, or of insecticide-treated food. Carabids
exposed to dry residues on turfgrass cores suffered high mortality from
bendiocarb, and some intoxication from imidacloprid, but these effects were
greatly reduced by posttreatment irrigation. Implications for predicting
hazards of insecticides to beneficial invertebrates in turfgrass are discussed.
Assessing
delayed and acute toxicity of five formulated fungicides to Osmia lignaria Say
and Apis mellifera
Author: Ladurner, E.; Bosch, J.; Kemp, W. P.; Maini, S.
Year: 2005
Journal: Apidologie
Volume: 36
Pages: 449-460
Abstract: The delayed and acute toxicity of benomyl
(Benlate(R)), captan (Captan 50WP), iprodione ( Rovral.), propiconazole (
Orbit.), and neem oil ( Trilogy.) to two crop pollinators, A. mellifera and O.
lignaria, was evaluated. Survival after contact and oral single exposure to
high doses of the pesticides was compared to survival of controls with the
dosing vehicle. LD50 values at 24, 48 and 72 h from exposure were determined.
Contact and oral exposure to benomyl and iprodione did not affect survival of
any of the two species. Contact exposure to neem oil affected survival of A. mellifera.
Orally administered propiconazole showed delayed and acute toxicity to both
species. Captan severely limited survival of O. lignaria. The tested fungicides
seemed to be safe to both bee species at the recommended rates, with the
exception of captan to O. lignaria. To our knowledge, this is the first
complete contact and oral toxicity test on an Osmia species.
Effects
of the chitin synthesis inhibitor buprofezin on survival and development of
immatures of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae)
Author: Liu, T. X.; Chen, T. Y.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 234-239
Abstract: Effects of buprofezin (Applaud), a chitin synthesis
inhibitor, on survival and development of eggs, three instars, and pupae of Chrysoperla
rufilabris (Burmeister) were determined in the laboratory. Buprofezin at three
tested concentrations (100, 500, and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) did not affect the
viability and development of eggs when the eggs were heated, or third instars
and pupae when those stages were treated. Although the degree of effects by
buprofezin on larvae varied with instar, buprofezin at the higher
concentrations (500 and 1,000 mg [AI]/liter) reduced survival rates 17-47% and
prolonged the overall development from first instars to adult emergence by 2 or
3 d when first instars were treated, indicating that time first instar is the
most vulnerable stage. When second instars were treated, the survival of C.
rufilabris from second instars to pupae was not significantly affected.
However, the developmental time from second instar to adult emergence was
longer in the treatments with the highest concentration (1,000 mg [AI]/liter)
than that with the lowest concentration (100 mg [AI]/liter). The compatibility
of buprofezin with natural enemies in integrated pest management programs is
discussed.
Effects
of some insect growth regulators on Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant)
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), well known predator of Icerya purchasi Maskell
(Homopterta: Monophlebidae)
Author: Loia, M.; Viggiani, G.
Year: 1992
Journal: Proceedings of the International Society for
Citriculture
Volume: 3
Pages: 961-963
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effects
of insect growthh regulators on Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius)
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a non-target enemy of citrus red scale, Aonidella
aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in southern Africa:
evidence from laboratory and field trials.
Author: Magagula, C.N.; Samways, M.J.
Year: 2000
Journal: African Entomologist
Volume: 8
Pages: 47-56
Abstract: Chilocorus nigritus (Fabricius) is one of the major coccinellid predators of the citrus pest Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) in southern Africa. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out on eggs, larvae and adults of this ladybird to determine the effects of three insect growth regulators (IGRs) used against citrus pests in the region. Two chitin synthesis inhibitors, buprofezin and teflubenzuron, and a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, were applied to C. nigritus populations at the recommended dosages. Mortality and development of egg and larval stages, as well as mortality and fecundity of the adults were recorded. Laboratory experiments indicated that, of the three IGRs tested, buprofezin was the most detrimental compound, especially to larval stages, irrespective of whether the larvae were fed IGR-treated A. aurantii directly or sprayed with IGRs. Immediate larval mortality from pyriproxyfen and teflubenzuron was not significantly different from the controls. None of the larvae that were fed with IGR-treated A. aurantii pupated. By contrast, larvae that had only been sprayed with IGRs pupated, but no adults emerged. Adult fecundity was not affected by exposure to IGRs, either in the laboratory or in the field, but all eggs exposed to IGRs failed to hatch. Although larvae developed to the adult stage in the field experiments, the IGRs' ovicidal activity and effects on immature stages still had a detrimental effect on C. nigritus population levels. As a result, spraying of IGRs is likely to impede C. nigritus population increases in citrus orchards. This emphasizes the need to avoid spraying during C. nigritus population increases should the use of IGRs be unavoidable. Insect growth regulator's impact on non-target species still requires further consideration, especially with the incorporation of these chemicals into integrated pest management programmes.
Effect
of pesticides on spiders occurring on apple and citrus in Israel
Author: Mansour, F.
Year: 1987
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 15
Pages: 43-50
Abstract: Field experiments in an apple orchard and in a citrus grove were carried out to evaluate the effect of four commercial pesticides in common use in Israel against apple and citrus pests, on the spider populations inhabiting the trees. The spider populations on apple were markedly suppressed by the pesticides, the order of toxicity being Talstar (biphenate) >Mavrik (fluvalinate) > Smash (fenpropathrin) > Dursban (chlorpyrifos). When grapefruit trees were treated with carbaryl + formothion, 232 spiders were sampled in the unsprayed plot, 55 days after treatment, as compared with only 11 spiders in the treated plot. Two and 7 days after treatment with chlorobenzilate, the sample from the treated plot numbered 68 and 55 spiders, respectively, as compared with 50 spiders collected 24 h before treatment. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out to determine the susceptibility of the spider Chiracanthium mildei L. Koch to 17 pesticides. When the spiders were exposed to grapefruit leaves which had been dipped 1 h previously for 5 sec in the aqueous emulsions of the pesticides, chlorpyrifos, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, phosphamidon and biphenate caused 100%, and cypermethrin and fluvalinate 60% mortality, whereas all the other pesticides tested - acaricides, fungicides and herbicides - caused about 10-40% mortality.
Influence
of pesticide treatments on the dynamics of whiteflies and associated
parasitoids in snap bean fields
Author: Manzano, M. R.; van Lenteren, J. C.; Cardona, C.
Year: 2003
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 48
Pages: 685-693
Abstract: To determine the influence of pesticide treatments
on the population dynamics of the whiteflies Trialeurodes vaporariorum
(Westwood) and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and their
naturally occurring parasitoids, we performed field experiments on insecticide
sprayed and unsprayed fields during a cropping season of snap bean in Pradera,
Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Substantially larger populations of whitefly nymphs
occurred in the unsprayed field than in the sprayed field. Parasitoids were
more frequent in unsprayed than in sprayed fields with Encarsia nigricephala
Dozier being more prevalent than Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker. In
sprayed fields the nymphs parasitized by E. nigricephala exceeded the
unparasitized whitefly nymphs at the end of the cropping season. Our results
suggest that while under current agricultural practices whiteflies on snap
beans cannot be exclusively controlled by naturally occurring parasitoids,
parasitoids may be integrated with chemical control in order to reduce crop
damage.
Susceptibility
of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae) adults to
fungicides used to control apple diseases
Author: Manzoni, C. G.; Grutzmacher, A. D.; Giolo, F. P.; de
Lima, C. A. B.; Nornberg, S. D.; Muller, C.; Harter, W. D.
Year: 2006
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 35
Pages: 223-230
Abstract: This study evaluated the susceptibility under
laboratory conditions of Trichogrammapretiosum Riley adults to fungicides
recommended by the Integrated Producfion of Apple (IPA). The bioassays were
carried out using the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC),
West Palearctic Regional Section (VvTRS) standard protocols. Twelve selected
fungicides were studied in the doses (g or ml active ingredient/100 L) captan 1
(0.115), captan 2 (0.120), kresoxim-methyl (0.0 10), sulphur 1 (AG) (0.480),
sulphur 2 (0.480), folpet (0.105), mancozeb (0.160), pyraclostrobin (0.010),
tebuconazole (0.010), tetraconazole (0.005), thiophanate-methyl (0.050) and
triforine (0.024). Distilled water was used as the blank treatment and the
insecticide triclorfon (0.150) as a positive control. The parasitoids were
exposed to dry residues applied on glass plates. The reduction in the capacity
of parasitism was used to measure the effect of the chemical in comparison to
the blank treatment. Each treatment was replicated four times. The results
allowed us to classify the fungicides tested in four categories: 1, harmless
(< 30%); 2, slightly harmful (30-79%); 3, moderately harmful (80-99%); and
4, harinful (> 99%). 75% of the tested substances were classified as selective
(classes 1and 2) to the parasitoid. The fungicides captan 1, captan 2,
kTesoximmethyl, folpet, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl and
triforine were harmless; mancozeb was slightly harmful; sulphur 1(AG) and
tetraconazole were moderately harmful and sulphur 2 was harmful. These findings
should be taken into account when selecting fungicides to spray apple orchards
against fungi diseases to preserve the egg parasitoid T pretiosum.
Compatibility
of chemical disease and insect management practices used in New York vineyards
with biological control by Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera : Mymaridae), parasitoids
of Erythroneura leafhoppers
Author: Martinson, T.; Williams, L.; English-Loeb, G.
Year: 2001
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 22
Pages: 227-234
Abstract: Toxicity to Anagrus spp. of fungicides and
insecticides used in grape production was assessed with laboratory and field
bioassays. Field-equivalent rates of fungicides were relatively nontoxic to
Anagrus spp. adults in laboratory bioassays. In bioassays with field-weathered
residues, sulfur (9600 ppm) caused elevated mortality of adults for 14 to 21
days posttreatment. Residues of microencapsulated methyl parathion (600 and
1200 ppm) increased mortality relative to the control up to 43 days posttreatment.
Duration of elevated mortality of adults exposed to carbaryl was dose dependent
and ranged from 14 (at 1200 ppm) to > 43 days (at 4800 ppm). Residues of
carbaryl and methyl parathion applied over parasitized eggs had little effect
on emergence, but may have delayed development. In a field trial, adults
trapped in carbaryl-treated plots were significantly reduced starting 3 weeks
after treatment. Subsequent lower trap catches may have been related to effects
of residues on Anagrus spp. adults or to lower leafhopper egg densities in
treated Plots. (C) 2001 Academic Press.
Effects
of a broad spectrum and biorational insecticides on parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)
Author: McCravy, K. W.; Dalusky, M. J.; Berisford, C. W.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 94
Pages: 112-115
Abstract: We examined effects of aerial application of
acephate (Orthene), Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Foray),
and tebufenozide (Mimic) on larval/pupal parasitoids of the Nantucket pine tip
moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), in the southwestern Georgia coastal
plain. Parasitism of tip moths in acephate-treated plots was significantly
lower than in untreated plots. Bacillus thuringiensis and tebufenozide showed
no significant effects on parasitism. A tachinid, Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich,
comprised a significantly greater proportion of emerging parasitoids in
acephate-treated than in untreated control plots, whereas a chalcidid,
Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan, was less abundant in the acephate-treated plots.
Acephate has a negative, but somewhat species-specific, impact on tip moth
parasitism.
Effects
of three modern insecticides, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and tebufenozide, on
survival and reproduction of Chrysoperla carnea adults
Author: Medina, P.; Budia,
F.; Del
Estal, P.; Vinuela, E.
Year: 2003
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 142
Pages: 55-61
Abstract: Three novel insecticides, pyriproxyfen, spinosad and
tebufenozide, were evaluated for their effect on survival and reproduction of
Chrysoperla carnea adults using two methods of exposure: direct contact and
ingestion. Pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide proved to be harmless to adult
survival, whereas spinosad 72 h after treatment reduced the number of adults by
39.8% and 87.2% in topical and ingestion treatment at the maximum concentration
recommended (800 mg a.i. litre(-1)). Fecundity was not affected irrespective of
the insecticide or time of application (before or after the onset of
oviposition). Concerning fertility, only pyriproxyfen exerted a negative effect
on hatching when the eggs were deposited by females treated by ingestion in the
post-oviposition period at the highest concentration tested (150 mg a.i.
litre(-1)).
Compatibility
of spinosad, tebufenozide and azadirachtin with eggs and pupae of the predator
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under laboratory conditions
Author: Medina,
P.; Budia, F.; Tirry, L.; Smagghe, G.; Vinuela, E.
Year: 2001
Journal: Biocontrol Science and Technology
Volume: 11
Pages: 597-610
Abstract: Under laboratory conditions, the toxicity of three
novel insecticides, spinosad (Tracer(R)), tebufenozide (Mimic(R)) and
azadirachtin (Align(R)), was tested against eggs and pupae of the predator
Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). In a first series of assays, eggs were dipped in
an aqueous concentration and no ovicidal activity was scored for the three
insecticides. In the second, when females were ovipositing on treated substrate
for 24 h, fecundity and hatching percentages were similar as compared to
controls and the offspring developed normally until the adult stage. However,
spinosad, at the highest concentrations tested, caused a slight, significant
reduction in the adult life span and fecundity. In a third series of
experiments, pupae developed into normal adults after topical treatment for the
three insecticides. Herewith, a pharmacokinetic study indicated low
accumulation in the body after pupal cuticle penetration when administrating
C-14-labelled insecticide. Fourthly, pupation of last-instar larvae in treated
substrate was normal for spinosad and tebufenozide. Only azadirachtin caused a
slight reduction in the number of pupae and adults; however, fecundity and
fertility of surviving adults was normal. In conclusion, the current results
indicate that the three insecticides are not toxic to eggs and pupae of C.
carnea.
Toxicity
and absorption of azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and tebufenozide
after topical application in predatory larvae of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera
: Chrysopidae)
Author: Medina,
P.; Smagge, G.; Budia, F.; Tirry, L.; Vinuela, E.
Year: 2003
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 32
Pages: 196-203
Abstract: Susceptibility of the generalist predator, the
lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), to the insect growth regulators
azadirachtin, diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and tebufenozide was tested in the
laboratory. Third instars were topically treated with different doses of
formulated materials of each compound by direct topical exposure. At maximum
field-recommended dose, pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide were harmless to C. carnea,
whereas azadirachtin and diflubenzuron were harmful (respective LD(90)s were
24.5 and 6.9 ng active ingredient [AI] per insect). At sublethal doses of
azadirachtin and diflubenzuron, females laid fertile eggs, but azadirachtin
caused a slight negative effect on oviposition. Pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide
had no effect on oviposition and egg fertility. As a second approach of this
study, toxicity data are discussed in relation to the rate of penetration and
excretion after topical application. One hour after administration, approximate
to80% of pyriproxyfen had penetrated; whereas for diflubenzuron and
tebufenozide, only percentages of 10-20% were recorded in the same time
interval. However, although pyriproxyfen penetration was fast and high, most of
the compound was also quickly eliminated via excretion. Our data suggest that
the use of azadirachtin and diflubenzuron hi combination with C. carnea in
integrated pest management (IPM) programs should be carefully evaluated.
Pyriproxyfen and tebufenozide are considered to be safe for C. carnea.
Topical
toxicity of pesticides used in Virginia
vineyards to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman)
Author: Metzger, J. A.; Pfeiffer, D. G.
Year: 2002
Journal: Journal of Entomological Science
Volume: 37
Pages: 329-337
Abstract: Slide dip bioassays were conducted to determine the
direct toxicity of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides
commonly used in vineyards in Virginia to Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari:
Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite under consideration as a biological control
agent for spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae). Among the insecticides and
acaricides tested in the laboratory, carbaryl, azinphos-methyl, phosmet,
cyhexatin, and pyridaben caused significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05)
higher mortality than the control treatment. None of the fungicides tested were
toxic to the predator, but three herbicides caused high mortality. Glufosinate
caused 100% mortality after 24 h, and both oxyfluorfen and paraquat had adverse
effects on N. fallacis. The use of materials that were found to be toxic to the
predator may not be compatible with releases of N. fallacis into Virginia vineyards.
However, incorporating materials that appear to have no direct toxicity to the
predator into an integrated pet management program could improve the survival
rate of released N. fallacis while still protecting this high value crop from
other pests.
Responses
of two ladybeetles to eight fungicides used in Florida citrus: implications for biological
contro
Author: Michaud, J.P.
Year: 2001
Journal: Journal of Insect Science
Volume: 1
Abstract: Two ladybeetles, Cycloneda sanguinea and Harmonia
axyridis, were exposed in the laboratory to eight fungicide formulations
commonly used in citrus production in Florida.
Both benomyl and the combination of copper and petroleum oil proved toxic to
larvae of C. sanguinea that were exposed to concentrations corresponding to
recommended field rates, either as leaf residues or in topical spray
applications. Larvae of C. sanguinea also suffered significant mortality when
exposed to neem oil as a leaf residue, but not after topical application.
Larvae of H. axyridis exposed to these compounds completed development with the
same success as control larvae in all trials. However, H. axyridis larvae
exhibited slower development following exposure to leaf residues of ferbam
applied at twice the recommended rate. Exposure to azoxystrobin as a leaf
residue at twice the recommended concentration resulted in accelerated larval
development in both species. No compounds appeared repellent to adult beetles
of either species. Adult beetles of both species were observed resting on
portions of filter paper treated with fosetyl-Al more often than on untreated,
control portions. Azoxystrobin, ferbam and mefenoxam similarly arrested the
movement of adult C. sanguinea, whereas benomyl and the copper and petroleum
oil combination arrested the movement of adult H. axyridis. The differential
sensitivity of the two coccinellid species is discussed in the context of the
potential displacement of the indigenous C. sanguinea by the invasive H.
axyridis.
Non-target
impact of chlorpyrifos on soil arthropods associated with no-tillage cornfields
in Brazil
Author: Michereff, M.; Guedes, R. N. C.; Della-Lucia, T. M.
C.; Michereff, M. F. F.; Cruz, I.
Year: 2004
Journal: International Journal of Pest
Management
Volume: 50
Pages: 91-99
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to assess the
side-effects of chlorpyrifos on springtails, ants and oribatid mites associated
with the soil surface of no-tillage cornfields in Brazil. Three 0.3 ha cornfields
were divided into plots and, during tasseling, the plants in areas to be
treated were sprayed twice with insecticide, with a 3 day interval. Pitfall
traps were used to sample soil arthropods 1 week before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8
weeks after spraying. Principal components analysis detected no negative effect
of insecticide chlorpyrifos on the assemblage of soil arthropods. Nonetheless,
the activity of the ant Solenopsis saevissima (Fr. Smith) was lower 2 weeks
after spraying but recovered afterwards, while the frequency of Ectatomma
brunneum Fr. Smith, was significantly reduced only at the third week after
spraying, and did not show any recovery until the end of the study.
Chlorpyrifos did not decrease the overall abundance of Collembola. However, it
had a significant impact on the members of the order Symphypleona, there being
significantly lower captures of Sminthurides spp. soon after chlorpyrifos
spraying without any sign of increase afterwards. There was no effect on
oribatid mites. Our results, overall, suggest that the impact of chlorpyrifos
on soil arthropods from tropical crop fields can be less severe than expected.
Toxicity
of imidacloprid to selected arthropod predators in the laboratory
Author: Mizell, R. F.; Sconyers, M. C.
Year: 1992
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 75
Pages: 277-280
Effects
of selected fungicides on growth and development of larval honey bees, Apis
mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae)
Author: Mussen, E. C.; Lopez, J. E.; Peng, C. Y. S.
Year: 2004
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 33
Pages: 1151-1154
Abstract: Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the
effects of incorporating selected almond fungicides into the diet of larval
honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. One-day-old larvae, from mixed Italian
stocks, were grafted to basic larval diet or basic diet containing various
fungicides. Experimental concentrations were calculated from field dose
application rates of formulated product per hectare. Larvae were transferred to
fresh diet daily and incubated in the dark at 36degreesC and 95% RH. After
defecation, prepupae were moved into a dark incubator at 35degrees and 75% RH.
Mortalities of larvae, prepupae, and pupae were recorded daily. No larvae fed
Captan, Rovral, or Ziram completed development to adults. In the case of
Rovral, a novel amorphogenic effect was observed. There were no significant
differences in total mortality between the controls and larvae fed Abound, Elevate,
Flint, Rally,
and Vangard.
Evaluation
of toxic potential of captan: Induction of hsp70 and tissue damage in
transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg(9)
Author: Nazir, A.; Mukhopadhyay, I.;
Saxena, D. K.; Siddiqui, M. S.; Chowdhuri, D. K.
Year: 2003
Journal: Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology
Volume: 17
Pages: 98-107
Abstract: The study investigated the working hypothesis that a
widely used fungicide captan exerts toxic effects on nontarget organisms.
Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) was used as a model by assaying
stress gene expression as an endpoint for cytotoxicity and also to evaluate
whether stress gene expression is sufficient enough to protect and to prevent
tissue damage against toxic insult of the chemical. The study was further
extended to understand the effect of the pesticide on development, life cycle,
and reproduction of the organism and finally to evaluate a concentration of the
chemical to be nontoxic to the organism. The study showed that (i) captan
causes cytotoxicity at and above 0.015 ppm; (ii) at 0.0015 ppm captan, absence
of hsp70 expression in the exposed organism was evaluated as the concentration
referred to as no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for Drosophila; (iii)
emergence pattern of flies was affected only at the highest concentration of
captan by 4 days, while hatching and survivorship were unaffected even at this
concentration; (iv) reproductive performance was significantly affected only at
125.0 and 1250.0 ppm captan, while in the lower dietary concentrations no such
deleterious effects were observed; (v) at 1250.0 ppm, hsp70 failed to protect
the cells from toxicant assault after 48 h exposure, thus leading to tissue
damage as revealed by Trypan Blue staining. The present study shows the
cytotoxic potential of captan and further reveals the application of stress
genes in determining NOAEL and its expression as bioindicator of exposure to
environmental contaminants. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality
of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidae tasmanica (Hym: Braconidae)
exposed to orchard pesticide residues.
Author: Newman, I.C.; Walker,
J.T.S.; Rogers, D.J.
Year: 2004
Journal: New
Zealand Plant Protection
Volume: 57
Pages: 8-12
Abstract: A laboratory bioassay was used to evaluate the effect of residues from 10 orchard pesticides on mortality of Dolichogenidea tasmanica, a parasitoid of leafrollers. Adult parasitoids were caged in Petri dishes that had been sprayed with the field rate of the pesticides. Mortality was assessed over 7 days and classified using the laboratory criteria defined by the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants. Residues of buprofezin, emamectin, benzoate, lufenuron, tebufenozide and thiacloprid were harmless (<30% mortality) to D. tasmanica adults in the 7 days after treatment. Indoxacarb and lime sulphur residues were moderately harmful (80-99% mortality), while carbaryl, diazinon and spinosad residues were harmful (>99% mortality). The implications for leafroller control in pipfruit production programmes are discussed.
Survival
of adult Tiphia vernalis (Hymenoptera : Tiphiidae) after insecticide,
fungicide, and herbicide exposure in laboratory bioassays
Author: Oliver, J. B.; Reding, M. E.; Moyseenko, J. J.;
Klein, M. G.; Mannion, C. M.; Bishop, B.
Year: 2006
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 99
Pages: 288-294
Abstract: Tiphia vernalis Rohwer is a hymenopteran
ectoparasitoid of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, larvae. The adult
wasps feed on nectar or honeydew between mid-April and late June. Adults may
contact pesticides when landing on foliage or when females hunt for grubs in
the soil. The lethal effect of nursery, turf, and landscape pesticides was
determined by exposing wasps to treated foliage in the laboratory. Pesticides
tested at labeled rates were the insecticides bifenthrin, carbaryl,
chlorpyrifos, halofenozide, and imidacloprid; the herbicides oryzalin,
pendimethalin, and a combination product with 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop
(multiherbicide); and the fungicides chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl. During
2001 and 2002, male and female T. vernalis were exposed to pesticides by using
turf cores. For both years, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid
treatments lowered adult survival relative to the control, but halofenozide had
minimal effect on mortality of males and females. More males than females died
after exposure to carbaryl treatments. Survival of females was not reduced by
exposure to herbicides or fungicides. Females were apparently more tolerant of
pesticides than males. Mortality of males in response to herbicides and
fungicides was more variable than for females; in 2002 trials, male mortality
was higher after exposure to multiherbicide, oryzalin, pendimethalin, and
thiophanate-methyl than the control. The fungicide chlorothalonil did not
increase mortality of males or females in either year. Sublethal effects were
not evaluated. The study indicates the choice of pesticide may be important for
conserving T. vernalis in nursery, landscape, and turf settings.
Influence
of some pesticides on mortality and fecundity of the aphidophagous coccinellid
Adalia bipunctata L. (Col.,
Coccinellidae)
Author: Olszak, R. W.
Year: 1999
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur
Angewandte Entomologie
Volume: 123
Pages: 41-45
Abstract: The influence of 30 pesticides (insecticides,
acaricides and fungicides) on different stages of Adalia bipunctata was
evaluated under laboratory conditions by: (1)immersing individuals for 5 s in
the pesticide solution; (2) placing the second and fourth instar larvae on
leaves picked From trees treated with the pesticide; and (3) feeding adult
coccinellids with aphids contaminated by a recommended concentration of the
pesticide. Fenpropathrin, alphacypermethrin, esfenvalerate. acrinathrin,
phosalone and propoxur + methoxychlor caused high mortality (up to 100%) not
only by direct contact but also as fresh residues on leaves, or even 28 days
after application. The mortality also varied with stage and mode of treatment.
Feeding with aphids contaminated by fenpropathrin. clofentezine, hexythiazox,
brompropylate and vinclozolin decreased the coccinellid fecundity.
Effects
of pesticides on Diglyphus isaea (Walker)
and Dacnusa sibirica Telenga, parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)
Author: Ozawa, A.; Saito, T.; Ikeda, F.
Year: 1998
Journal: Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology
Volume: 42
Pages: 149-161
Abstract: The effects of 28 insecticides, 8 acaricides and 18
fungicides on Diglyphus isaea (Walker)
and Dacnusa sibirica Telenga, parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), were
evaluated by laboratory experiments to determine their toxicity to the adults
and larvae of these parasitoids, and their action on parasitism. All tested
organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid, nereistoxin analog and carbamate insecticides
were harmful to the adults and mature larvae of D. isaea and the adults of D.
sibirica, and also prevented their parasitism of larvae of L. trifolii. The
period of residual contact toxicity of granules of acephate and fosthiazate
applied in soil to adults of D. isaea and D. sibirica was more than 6 weeks.
Tested chloronicotinyl insecticides were moderately harmful to the adults of
the parasitoids, and imidacloprid prevented parasitism by D. isaea. Granules of
imidacloprid applied in soil did not show contact toxicity, and prevention of
parasitism by D. isaea was slight. Bromopropylate, dicofol and fenbutatin oxide
acaricides were slightly harmful to the adult parasitoids, but fenbutatin oxide
was safe to larvae and parasitism by D. isaea. Hexythiazox, Bacillus
thuringiensis and sodium oleate were safe for adults and larvae of D. isaea,
and parasitism by the two species of parasitoids. Growth regulator
insecticides, buprofezin, flufenoxuron, pyriproxyfen and teffubenzuron, were
safe for the adults, parasitism by the two species of parasitoids and
development of progeny oviposited by adult D. isaea dipped in them. Except
pyriproxyfen, these IGR insecticides were safe for larvae of D. isaea.
Pymetrozine was safe for adults of the two parasitoids, the larvae of D. isaea
and parasitism by D. sibirica, while it was slightly harmful to parasitism by
D. isaea. Most tested fungicides were safe. Captan was moderately harmful to
adults of the two parasitoids, but was safe for larvae and parasitism by the
parasitoids. Thus, it is suggested that IGRs (buprofezin, flufenoxuron,
pyriproxyfen and teflubenzuron), Bacillus thuringiensis, sodium oleate,
pymetrozine, some acaricides and most fungicides can be combined with D. isaea
and D. sibirica in L. trifolii IPM programs.
Earthworms
as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and
vineyards with different inputs
Author: Paoletti, M. G.; Sommaggio, D.; Favretto, M. R.;
Petruzzelli, G.; Pezzarossa, B.; Barbafieri, M.
Year: 1998
Journal: Applied Soil Ecology
Volume: 10
Pages: 137-150
Abstract: Earthworm communities were studied in 72 different
agroecosystems including vineyards and three types of orchards: apple, peach
and kiwi. Orchards had different agricultural inputs, in particular copper
(namely, copper sulphate applied as fungicide), and soil cultivation. Heavy
metals were analyzed together with other soil parameters (nutrients, bacteria
and fungi). No differences were detected regarding microorganisms in orchards
subjected to different agricultural practices. Copper concentration was higher
in vineyards. Total earthworm abundance and biomass were severely reduced both
by copper input and soil tillage. Individual species gave different responses
to agricultural practices. Aporrectodea caliginosa was negatively affected by
both copper concentration and soil cultivation, while Allolobophora chlorotica
was negatively affected only by copper input. Lumbricus rubellus and Lumbricus
castaneus were nearly absent in tilled orchards but apparently they were not
much affected by copper input. Octodrilus lissaensis and Octodrilus
pseudocomplanatus did not seem to be reduced by copper input and soil tillage.
Species number and biomass were reduced both by tillage and copper input.
Negative effects of tillage and fungicide residues (Cu, Zn) are clear enough
factors to promote more extensive use of earthworms as reliable bioindicators
in the rural landscape. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Side
effects of five acaricides on the predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Author: Pascual, S.; Pina, T.; Castanera, P.; Urbaneja, A.
Year: 2006
Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Volume: 29
Pages: 187
Abstract: The effects of 5 acaricides (fenazaquin,
clofentezin, tebufenpirad, fenbutestan and mineral oil) on biological
parameters (survival, fecundity, fertility and developmental time) of different
stages of the mealybug destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Col.:
Coccinellidae), were evaluated under laboratory conditions by: (1) direct
contact - topical application on larvae, pupae and adults; and (2) ingestion -
feeding adult and larva with the citrus mealybug [Planococcus citri (Risso)
(Hom.: Pseudococcidae)] previously treated by the correspondent acaricide. The
five acaricides resulted harmless for adults and pupae of C. montrouzieri. All
acaricides tested were slightly harmful to larvae of C. montrouzieri, except
fenbutestan, which did not show any effect.
Foraging
mode: a factor affecting the susceptibility of spiders (Araneae) to insecticide
applications
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 1999
Journal: Pesticide Science
Volume: 55
Pages: 1077-1082
Abstract: Field experiments have revealed that some species of
spiders are more sensitive to insecticides than others. Among many factors
influencing their susceptibility, foraging mode seems to play an important
role. Aspects of foraging mode that appear to be relevant are whether the
spider is diurnal or nocturnal, a hunter or a web-maker. Six spider species,
Araniella opisthographa, Clubiona neglecta, Dictyna uncinata, Pardosa agrestis,
Philodromus cespitum and Theridion impressum were used in the study. P agrestis
and P cespitum are diurnal hunters that may come into direct contact with
insecticide. C neglecta is nocturnal and so is exposed to residues only. The remaining
three species are web-makers building webs that vary in the extent to which
they can protect the spider from direct spray. The effect of sprays was tested
under laboratory conditions (Potter tower) with three commercial insecticides,
an insect growth regulator (hexaflumuron), a selective organophosphorus
(phosalone) and a non-selective pyrethroid insecticide (permethrin) using a
four-day exposure period. Data were analysed using bootstrap method and
randomization tests. The results obtained showed that hunting spiders were more
susceptible to the insecticides tested than web-makers (in their webs). Diurnal
hunting spiders (Philodromus and Pardosa) were severely affected only by
permethrin. A high mortality was observed for the nocturnal hunter, Clubiona,
after application of phosalone and permethrin. This species appears to be very
sensitive to residues of both insecticides. Comparing the effect on web-making
spiders, with and without webs, it was observed that the sparse orb-web of
Araniella did not protect its owner at all, but the dense cribellate and
frame-webs of Dictyna and Theridion, respectively, reduced the mortality caused
by permethrin significantly in comparison with specimens without webs. Of other
factors studied, posture (normal and upside-down position) did not influence
the susceptibility. Mortality increased slightly with body size after
permethrin application. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry.
Susceptibility
of the spider Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides
Author: Pekar, S.
Year: 2002
Journal: Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 75
Pages: 51-55
Abstract: Susceptibility of immature individuals of the spider
Theridion impressum to 17 pesticides (6 insecticides, 4 acaricides, 4
fungicides and 3 herbicides) was tested in the laboratory. The pesticides were
applied at recommended rates in a Potter tower. Mortality was evaluated for 4
subsequent days: Broad-spectrum insecticides, cypermethrin+chlorpyrofos
(Nurelle), alpha-cypermethrin (Vaztak), and deltamethrin (Decis), were toxic to
spiders. Selective insecticides, pirimicarb (Pirimor), Bacillus thuringiensis
(Novodor), and triazamate (Aztec), were harmless. All tested acaricides,
pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic), flufenoxuron (Cascade), tau-fluvalinate+thiometon
(Mavrik), and bifenthrin (Talstar) showed high toxicity. Of the fungicides,
dithianon (Delan), benomyl (Fundazol), iprodione (Rovral), and dodine (Syllit),
only dithianon was slightly harmful, while the remaining fungicides were
harmful. All herbicides, metazachlor (Butisan), clomazone (Command), and
clopyralid (Lontrel), were harmless to T. impressum. Three selective
insecticides, 3 fungicides and 3 herbicides are recommended for use in plant
protection.
Effect
of three insect growth regulators on larval development, fecundity and egg
viability of the coccinellid, Chilorus bipustulatus (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae).
Author: Peleg, B.A.
Year: 1983
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 28
Pages: 117-121
Abstract: The effect of 3 insect growth regulators — methoprene, diflubenzuron and RO 13-5223, on the coccinelid Chilocorus bipustulatus L. was studied in the laboratory. Feeding on Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) or Aspidiotus hederae Vallot (Diaspididae) treated with the IGRs at the concentration of 0.025% a.i. revealed the following: diflubenzuron caused a complete mortality of 1 st instar larvae; methoprene and RO 13-5223 did not arrest larval development but inhibited pupation; fecundity of sexually mature females was not affected by the 3 IGRs but egg hatch was completely inhibited; egg viability was regained when IGR-exposed females had been transferred to an uncontaminated environment.
Environmental
impact of the locust control agents fenitrothion, fenitrothion-esfenvalerate
and triflumuron on terrestrial arthropods in Madagascar
Author: Peveling, R.; Rafanomezantsoa, J. J.; Razafinirina,
R.; Tovonkery, R.; Zafimaniry, G.
Year: 1999
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 18
Pages: 659-676
Abstract: The held toxicity of three chemical locust control
agents to terrestrial non-target arthropods was investigated in small- and
large-scale held trails in the recession area of the migratory locust, Locusta
migratoria capito (Sauss.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in Southwestern
Madagascar. The insecticides were applied as full cover sprays on
16 ha (1994) and 400 ha (1995) plots, respectively. The relative abundance of
more than 40 arthropod taxa (combined 1994 and 1995 trials) was monitored
during 4 weeks before and at least 12 weeks after treatment. The
organophosphate fenitrothion (F, 1994) caused significant medium to long-term
population declines of > 75% in several epigeal non-target insect taxa
(springtails, ants, Zophosis madagascariensis Deyrolle (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae)) and was classified as a high risk product. Non-target
grasshoppers were reduced by about 50-60%. Springtail relative abundance
returned to pre-spray levels in the following season. Significant effects of
the organophosphate-pyrethroid combination fenitrothion-esfenvalerate (FE,
1995) were usually < 75% (medium risk). However, springtails responded as
sensitive to this product as to fenitrothion, and there were no indications of
recovery over the 12 week post-treatment observation period. The insect growth
regulator (IGR) triflumuron (TFM, 1994 and 1995) posed a low risk to
ground-dwelling insects except for orthopterans (crickets and grasshoppers) and
caterpillars which were significantly reduced for several weeks (moderate
risk). Vegetation dwelling and flying insects were moderately affected by FE,
Non-target butterfly densities increased towards the end of the trial which
appeared to be related to a significant reduction in hymenopteran predators and
parasitoids. TFM had a marked effect on butterflies (> 60%), but was
harmless to the other insects. Spiders responded less sensitively to pesticide
stress than insects, but orb web spiders were significantly reduced by
fenitrothion-esfenvalerate. The breakdown of organic matter was not affected by
any of the insecticides. The results suggest the following relative field
toxicity ranking: TFM < FE < F. However, such a ranking system does not
imply that the least hazardous product is the safest in all environmental
settings. This study rather supports an integrated approach, where control
strategies are adapted to the particular conservation priorities in the treated
areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Side
effects of some fungicides on phytoseiid mites (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in
north-Italian vineyards
Author: Pozzebon, A.; Duso, C.; Pavanetto, E.
Year: 2002
Journal: Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde-Journal of Pest Science
Volume: 75
Pages: 132-136
Abstract: The effects of fungicides containing mancozeb or
copper oxychloride, as principal active ingredients, on phytoseiid mites were
investigated in a vineyard comprising four varieties (Prosecco, Cabernet Franc,
Pinot gris and Merlot) and located in north-eastern Italy. Phytoseiid colonisation was
different among the four varieties: Amblyseius andersoni and Kampimodromus
aberrans were dominant on Pinot gris and Merlot, respectively, while
Typhlodromus pyri was more common than the above species on Prosecco and
Cabernet Franc. Applications of mancozeb fungicides significantly affected K.
aberrans populations. Concerning T. pyri , a significant effect was observed on
Cabernet but not on Prosecco. The effects of mancozeb fungicides on A.
andersoni were less clear. The response of phytoseiids to fungicides containing
mancozeb appeared to be mediated by the variety. Therefore, the choice of one
or two varieties as a standard reference for field tests is recommended. These
results also suggest that the side effects of fungicides on predatory mites
should be studied on different phytoseiid species and, possibly, on susceptible
and resistant strains in order to gain useful insights.
Toxicity
of seven foliar insecticides to four insect parasitoids attacking citrus and
cotton pests
Author: Prabhaker, N.; Morse, J. G.; Castle, S. J.; Naranjo,
S. E.; Henneberry, T. J.; Toscano, N. C.
Year: 2007
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 100
Pages: 1053-1061
Abstract: Laboratory studies were carried out to compare the
toxicity of seven foliar insecticides to four species of adult beneficial
insects representing two families of Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae (Aphytis melinus
Debach, Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich, and Encarsia formosa
Gahan) and Mymaridae (Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault) that attack California red
scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell); sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
(Gennadius) (both E. eremicus and E.formosa); and glassy-winged sharpshooter,
Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar), respectively. Insecticides from four
pesticide classes were evaluated using a petri dish bioassay technique across a
range of concentrations to develop dosage-mortality regressions. Insecticides
tested included acetamiprid (neonicotinoid); chlorpyrifos (organophosphate);
bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, and fenpropathrin (pyrethroids); and buprofezin and
pyriproxyfen (insect growth regulators [IGRs]). Chlorpyrifos was consistently
the most toxic pesticide to all four species of beneficial insects tested based
on LC50 values recorded 24 h posttreatment compared with 48-h LC50 values with
the neonicotinoid and pyrethroids or 96 h with the IGRs. Among the three
pyrethroids, fenpropathrin was usually less toxic (except similar toxicity to
A. melinus) than was cyfluthrin, and it was normally less toxic (except similar
toxicity with E. formosa) than was bifenthrin.
Acetamiprid was generally less toxic than bifenthrin (except similar toxicity
with G. ashamedi). The IGRs buprofezin and pyriproxyfen were usually less toxic
than the contact pesticides, but we did not test for possible impacts on female
fecundity. For all seven pesticides tested, A. melinus was the most susceptible
parasitoid of the four test species. The data presented here will provide pest
managers with specific information on the compatibility of select insecticides
with natural enemies attacking citrus and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., pests.
Toxicity
of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Lyriomyza
huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus
varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well the
Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea.
Author: Prijono, D.; Robinson, M.; Rauf, A.; Bjorksten, T.;
Hoffmann, A.A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 1191-1197
Abstract:
Liriomyza
huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) are important pests
of vegetable crops in Indonesia
and are likely to spread to neighboring countries. Three pesticides (dimehypo,
abamectin, and cyromazine) are currently used to control these pests, but there
is little information on their effectiveness against field populations and on
their impact on parasitoids controlling Liriomyza species. The toxicity of
these chemicals to L. huidobrensis and three common parasitoids (Hemiptarsenus
varicornis Gerault, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha Perkins) was therefore
evaluated in Indonesia
with mortality laboratory assays. All three chemicals were effective against
larvae of three populations of L. huidobrensis with different histories of
chemical exposure. Dimehypo caused mortality in adult Opius sp., G. micromorpha,
and H. varicornis, whereas abamectin was toxic only at concentrations
substantially higher than the field rate. Cyromazine did not influence survival
of the parasitoids. A commonly used fungicide, mancozeb, had no impact on
parasitoid mortality. Trials were repeated with a strain of H. varicornis from Australia and a different parasitoid (Diglyphus
isaea) recently found in Australia.
Neither parasitoid was influenced by mancozeb or cyromazine. Abamectin applied
at field rates caused some mortality among the adults of both species, but was
less toxic than chlorpyrifos. Abamectin produced lower LC50s against Australian
H. varicornis than against Indonesian H. varicornis. These results suggest that
cyromazine can be incorporated into Liriomyza control programs in Indonesia that
conserve parasitoids, whereas dimehypo and abamectin need to be used
cautiously. Local Australian parasitoids should help control L. huidobrensis as
long as only cyromazine and nontoxic fungicides are applied.
Effects
of chlorpyrifos and sulfur on spider mites (Acari : Tetranychidae) and their
natural enemies
Author: Prischmann, D. A.; James, D. G.; Wright, L. C.;
Teneyck, R. D.; Snyder, W. E.
Year: 2005
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 33
Pages: 324-334
Abstract: In many agricultural systems spider mites are
believed to be induced pests, only reaching damaging densities after pesticides
decimate predator populations. Wine grapes typically receive two types of
pesticides, insecticides and fungicides. Chemicals in either class could impact
spider mite densities both directly through spider mite mortality, and
indirectly by negatively affecting natural enemies. The impact of a
broad-spectrum insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and an inorganic fungicide (sulfur)
on mites and their natural enemies was monitored in replicate open-field
experiments conducted in an abandoned vineyard in Washington State.
In both experiments, chemicals were applied within a 2 x 2 factorial design,
allowing assessment of both main and interactive effects of the two chemicals.
Following typical management practices on wine grapes in Washington State,
we made a single insecticide application early in the season, but repeatedly
applied sulfur throughout the season. In the absence of sulfur, chlorpyrifos
application led to higher spider mite densities. The main effect of
chlorpyrifos appeared to be indirect, perhaps mediated through mortality of
generalist phytoseiid mites; generalists appeared to be unable to recover
following even a single insecticide application, while there was no evidence
for harmful effects of chlorpyrifos on specialist phytoseiid mites. Sulfur had
direct suppressive effects on both pest and predatory mites, although in the
second experiment the suppressive effect of sulfur on spider mites was weaker
when chlorpyrifos was also applied. These field experiments suggest that a
complex mix of direct and indirect effects of the two chemicals impacted spider
mite population dynamics in our system. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Toxicity
of pesticides to predatory mites and insects in apple-tree site under field
conditions
Author: Raudonis, L.; Surviliene, E.; Valiuskaite, A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Environmental Toxicology
Volume: 19
Pages: 291-295
Abstract: Various applications of active ingredients of six
fungicides and three insecticides and acaricides at normally recommended
dosages were tested on two predatory mite species (Amblyseius andersoni Chant
and Anthoseius bakeri Garman) from the family Phytoseiidae and on two predatory
insect species (Coccinella septempunctata L. Chrysopa perla L.) dominantly
present on apple trees. Small differences were found between fungicide
treatments. On the trees treated with six fungicide applications the predatory
mites and insects survived and increased to a high level, often 20-40
phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 4-8 predatory insects per sample unit. Only the
active ingredients tolylfluanid and myclobutanil resulted in lower densities of
predatory mites (10-20 phytoseiids per 100 leaves). One application of
insecticides-acaricides (active ingredients: clofentezine, phosalone) showed no
toxic effect on predatory mites and insects. Two applications of phosalone and
one of alpha-cypermethrine were slightly or moderately toxic. Two applications
of alpha-cypermethrine and eight routine sprays of various
insecticides-acaricides and fungicides were very toxic and resulted in the
lowest maximum number of predatory mites and insects, approximately 0-10
phytoseiids per 100 leaves and 1-4 predatory insects per sample unit. The
toxicity of pesticides to predatory mites and insects is based on the toxicity
of the pesticide' active ingredient and the spray frequency. The active
ingredients of fungicides and only one or two applications of insecticides and
acaricides were not or slightly toxic and could be used in integrated pest
management. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects
of insect growth regulators on citrus mealybug parasitoid Leptomastix
dactylopii (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae)
Author: Rothwangl, K. B.; Cloyd, R. A.; Wiedenmann, R. N.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 97
Pages: 1239-1244
Abstract: In this study, we measured the effects of three
commonly used insecticides classified as insect growth regulators, on the encyrtid
parasitoid Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard)when parasitizing citrus mealybug,
Planococcus citri (Risso). Kinoprene, pyriproxyfen, and azadirachtin were
evaluated in both petri dish and a cage experiment at label-recommended rates
to measure their effects on the mortality, parasitization rate, and sex ratio
of L. dactylopii. insecticides were applied to petri dishes and plants either
immediately before, 24 h before, or 48 h before release of the parasitoid.
Kinoprene applied 24 h before parasitoid release caused 100% mortality of L.
dactylopii in petri dishes within 48 h. Mortality rates for L. dactylopii
exposed to azadirachtin and pyriproxyfen did not exceed 5% regardless of
release time. There were no release time x insecticide interactions on L. dactylopii
parasitization rate. The insecticide alone, however, did significantly affect
parasitization rates of L. dactylopii on P. citri; the kinoprene treatment
significantly reduced L. dactylopii parasitization rates compared with
azadirachtin and pyriproxyfen. In a cage experiment with coleus, Solenostemon
scutellaroides (L.) Codd, applications of both pyriproxyfen and kinoprene
resulted in fewer P. citri parasitized by L. dactylopii than azadirachtin or
the control. The sex ratio was equivalent in the petri dish experiment, whereas
in the cage experiment the sex ratio was biased toward males, particularly for
the kinoprene treatment. Based on the results from this study, we suggest that
kinoprene is not compatible with releases of L. dactylopii to control citrus
mealybugs.
Acute
toxicity of insecticides to Micromus tasmaniae (Neuroptera : Hemerobiidae) and
Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae): LC50 and LC90 estimates for
various test durations
Author: Rumpf, S.; Frampton, C.; Chapman, B.
Year: 1997
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 90
Pages: 1493-1499
Abstract: The acute toxicities of 6 insecticides deriving from
3 different insecticide classes were assessed in laboratory tests with Micromus
tasmaniae (Walker)
after different post treatment periods (1.5-360 h). The aim was to determine
optimal test durations for the calculation of stable (i.e., no further change
over time) LC50 and LC90 estimates. In addition, the responses of M. tasmaniae
to the above insecticides were compared with those for Chrysoperla carnea
(Stephens). In short-term evaluations (less than or equal to 24 h),
methyl-parathion caused the highest mortality in M. tasmaniae. The toxicity of
methyl-parathion did not change significantly over time; however, the toxicity of
azinphos-methyl, cypermethrin, fenoxycarb, and diflubenzuron did. Minimum
posttreatment periods of 48, 72, 120, and 360 h were necessary before stable
lethal concentrations estimates could be determined for azinphos-methyl,
cypermethrin, fenoxycarb, and diflubenzuron, respectively. AL the point of stable LC(50)s and LC(90)s,
the latter compounds were more toxic to M. tasmaniae than methyl-parathion.
Tebufenozide did not cause any mortality in either lacewing species.
Comparisons between the 2 lacewings species showed that M. tasmaniae was more
sensitive to methyl-parathion, azinphos-methyl, and cypermethrin than C.
carnea, whereas the toxicity of fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron was similar to
both species. The results demonstrate the importance of carrying out acute
toxicity studies to an adequate posttreatment period to avoid underestimating
the toxicities of insecticides. In addition, the comparisons with C. carnea
demonstrated that the results of toxicity studies cannot be extrapolated to
closely related families.
Effects
of conventional insecticides and insect growth regulators on fecundity and
other life-table parameters of Micromus tasmaniae (Neuroptera : Hemerobiidae)
Author: Rumpf, S.; Frampton, C.; Dietrich, D. R.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 91
Pages: 34-40
Abstract: Effects of 3 conventional insecticides (methyl
parathion, azinphos-methyl, cypermethrin) and 3 insect growth regulators
(fenoxycarb, diflubenzuron, and tebufenozide) on life-table parameters of
Micromus tasmaniae Walker
were determined in adults derived from insecticide-treated larvae. The
following parameters were compared with the control: sex ratio, longevity,
sterility, and fecundity. Power analysis was used to increase the efficiency
and the predictability of the life-table test. Diflubenzuron resulted in a
higher proportion female lacewings. Longevity was reduced for females emerging
from fenoxycarb- and diflubenzuron-treated larvae. Total number of eggs was
reduced for diflubenzuron- and fenoxycarb-treated lacewings, as well as the
following generation of tebufenozide-exposed lacewings. Daily number of eggs
was reduced for the diflubenzuron treatment. Peak egg production was increased
for lacewings exposed to azinphos-methyl and was decreased for the following
generation of tebufenozide-exposed lacewings. Diflubenzuron treatment resulted
in an extended preoviposition period. Oviposition periods were reduced for
lacewings treated with fenoxycarb, diflubenzuron or azinphos-methyl as well as
for the following generation of the tebufenozide treatment. The time to peak
egg production was similar for all treatments. Methyl parathion, cypermethrin,
and tebufenozide treatments showed no differences in any of the tested
life-table parameters in the Ist generation. In summary, the insect growth
regulators fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron had a more severe impact on life-table
parameters than the 2 organophosphates and the pyrethroid. In future research,
increased attention should be paid to long-term (e.g., the following generation)
effects on life-table parameters.
Toxicity
and pharmacokinetics of insect growth regulators and other novel insecticides
on pupae of Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of
early larval instars of lepidopteran pests
Author: Schneider, M. I.; Smagghe, G.; Gobbi, A.; Vinuela,
E.
Year: 2003
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 96
Pages: 1054-1065
Abstract: Susceptibility of the lepidopteran parasitoid
Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) to seven modern insecticides, azadirachtin,
diflubenzuron, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, pyriproxyfen, tebufenozide, and
spinosad, was' tested in the laboratory. Pupae were exposed to different doses
of each compound by direct topical application. At the field recommended doses,
methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide had no effect on H. didymator. Halofenozide
had a low effect on both adult emergence and adult survival but the progeny
size and parasitism capacity were not affected. Difluberizuron was moderately
toxic to the parasitoid, while azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen and spinosad were
very toxic, affecting all its life parameters. In the pyriproxyfen and spinosad
treatments, no progeny was obtained. As a second approach of this study, we
determined the rate of penetration through the pupal cocoon and absorption in
the parasitoid body as pharmacokinetic parameters important for toxicity. Most
of the radioactivity was retained in the silken cocoon, indicating a low
accumulation in the parasitoid body. Among all compounds tested, diflubenzuron exhibited
the highest absorption in the parasitoid body, followed by pyriproxyfen. For
halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, low absorption (<2%) was
found. In addition, we tested for the presence of molting hormone receptors in
Hyposoter tissues using a monoclonal antibody 9B9. Our data suggest that the
use of diflubenzuron azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen, halofenozide, and spinosad in
combination with H. didymator in integrated pest management (IPM) programs
should be carefully evaluated. Methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide could be
considered safe for this parasitoid.
Action
of insect growth regulator insecticides and spinosad on life history parameters
and absorption in third instar larvae of the endoparasitoid Hyposoter
didymator.
Author: Schneider, M.I.; Smagghe, G.; Pineda, S.; Vinuela,
E.
Year: 2004
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 31
Pages: 189-198
Abstract:
Hyposoter didymator
(Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an important larval parasitoid of
several lepidopteran pests. Under laboratory conditions, the topical toxicity
of selected insect growth regulator insecticides, azadirachtin (AZA),
dixubenzuron (DFB), methoxyfenozide (MET), pyriproxyfen (PYR), and tebufenozide
(TEB), and the naturalyte spinosad (SPIN) was tested against last (third)-instar
larvae of this parasitoid up to the maximum field recommended concentration
(MFRC). At MFRC, no abnormalities or mortality were scored for MET and TEB
(IOBC toxicity classes 1). In contrast, AZA was slightly, PYR moderately, and
DFB and SPIN harmful to the parasitoid (IOBC toxicity classes 2, 3, and 4,
respectively). These ratings are the result of a reduction in rate of: (i)
pupae formation, (ii) pupal mortality, (iii) adult longevity, (iv) parasitism,
and (v) adult emergence. In addition, PYR and SPIN caused a direct mortality in
the treated larvae. At sublethal concentrations, every insecticide but MET and
TEB also aVected these life history parameters of the parasitoid. The second
part of the study focused on pharmacokinetic parameters important for the
toxicological properties of these insecticides. We determined the recovery
pattern of 14C-labeled DFB, MET, PYR, and TEB from parasitoid body, larval
exuvia, and silken pupal cocoon after topical application to third-instar
larvae. For MET, TEF,and PYR, 160% was recovered from the parasitoid body after
24 h, whereas this was only 12% for DFB, which was mostly detected in the
silken cocoon (160%). More than 25% PYR was also detected in the larval exuvia
after three days. Data suggest that thesilken pupal cocoon and the larval
exuvia might play a role in eliminating insecticides. In conclusion, the
current results indicated that MET and TEB are harmless to third larvae of H.
didymator. In contrast, AZA, DFB, PYR, and SPIN are harmful and their usein IPM
should be considered with caution until they are evaluated under field
conditions.
Observations
of population increases and injury by spider mites (Acari : Tetranychidae) on
ornamental plants treated with imidacloprid
Author: Sclar, D. C.; Gerace, D.; Cranshaw, W. S.
Year: 1998
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 91
Pages: 250-255
Abstract: A series of experiments were conducted to
investigate previous observations that soil applications of imidacloprid
resulted in increased spider mite populations and spider mite injury on
ornamental plants. Marigolds, Tagetes erecta L., treated with either a soil
drench or soil granular formulation of imidacloprid were observed to sustain
significantly greater damage from twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
Koch, than untreated plants. Populations of the honeylocust spider mite,
Platytetranychus multidigituli (Ewing), were
as much as 3-4 times higher on honeylocust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., which had
received an imidacloprid soil drench, compared with control plants. Effects on
spider mite populations or injury were not observed in greenhouse trials
involving marigolds, suggesting that this effect was not caused by either
hormoligosis or phytotoxicity. However, mortality of Orius tristicolor (White),
a hemipteran predator of spider mites, was observed to increase significantly
when confined with leaves collected from plants that had received soil
treatments of imidacloprid. The adverse effects to predators may be an
important reason for the increase in spider mite injury and abundance resulting
from soil treatments of imidacloprid in Colorado.
Toxicity
of pesticides used in coffee crops to larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) (Neuroptera :
Chrysopidae) and their effects on subsequent stages of the predator
Author: Silva, R. A.; Carvalho, G. A.; Carvalho, C. F.;
Reis, P. R.; Pereira, Amar; Cosme, L. V.
Year: 2005
Journal: Neotropical Entomology
Volume: 34
Pages: 951-959
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the selectivity of
pesticides used in coffee crops to larvae of Chrysoperla externa (Hagen) and their effects
on the subsequent developmental stages of the predator. The treatments in g
a.i./L of water were: 1 - endosulfan (Thiodan 350 CE - 1.75), 2 - chlorpyrifos
(Lorsban 480 CE - 1.2), 3 - betacyfluthrin (Turbo 50 CE - 0.013), 4 - sulphur
(Kumulus 800 PM 4.0), 5 - azocyclotin (Peropal 250 PM - 0.31), 6 - copper
oxichloride (Cuprogarb 500 PM - 5.0) and 7 - control (water). The products were
sprayed on first, second and third-instar larvae using a Potter's tower. The
larvae were individualized in glass tubes and maintained at 25 +/- 2 degrees C,
RH of 70 +/- 10% and 12h photophase. The toxicity of the pesticides was
calculated based in their total effect (E) and classified according to
recommendations of IOBC. Chlorpyrifos and betacyfluthrin were harmful to
first-instar larvae (E > 99%). Endosulfan, sulphur, azocyclotin and copper
oxichloride were harmless to first-instar larvae and the others were selective.
Chlorpyrifos was also toxic to second and third-instar larvae, and the other
compounds were selective (E < 30%). None of the pesticides affected the
duration and survival rate of pupae or the sex ratio of the adults originated
from treated larvae. Endosulfan, sulphur, azocyclotin and copper oxichloride
were harmless to the larval stage of C. externa and did not affect the
subsequent stages, so that they can be recommended in IPM programs for the
coffee crop.
Side-effects
of insecticides on natural enemies of citrus scale pests in Italy
Author: Siscaro, G.; Longo, S.; Mazzeo, G.; Suma, P.;
Zappala, L.; Samperi, G.
Year: 2006
Journal: IOBC Bulletin
Volume: 29
Pages: 55
Abstract: Laboratory trials were conducted to test the
side-effects of 5 insecticides, Etifos® M (chlorpyrifos-methyl), Applaud® (buprofezin),
Admiral® (pyriproxyfen), Laser® (spinosad) and Biolid® E. (narrow range mineral
oil) on 4 parasitoids of Citrus scales: Aphytis melinus DeBach, Coccophagus
semicircularis (Förster), Coccophagus lycimnia Walker (Hymenoptera:
Aphelinidae) and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The
tests were conducted using a spray Potter
Tower following the
standard principles accepted by the IOBC/wprs Working group “Pesticides and
Beneficial Organisms”. Contact toxicity on adults after 24, 48 and 72h, the
effects on their fertility as well as the sex-ratio and the fecundity of the
progeny were observed. A test was carried out also spraying Citrus mealybug
mummies parasitized by L. dactylopii. Total mortality (100%) of all tested
parasitoids due to contact toxicity was observed 24h after the treatment with
chlorpyrifos-methyl and spinosad. The mean levels of mortality obtained after
72h on C. semicircularis and L. dactylopii were 76% and 58% respectively after
treatments with mineral oil. Buprofezin after 72h caused 95% mortality on C.
semicircularis, 100% on C. lycimnia, 42% on L. dactylopii and 76% on A.
melinus. The other IGR (pyriproxyfen) caused lower mortality rates (88% on C.
lycimnia, 48% on L. dactylopii and 62% on A. melinus). The average number of
progeny per single L. dactylopii surviving female was 13.45±4.10 (buprofezin),
13.67±9.61 (mineral oil), 10.83±5.67 (pyriproxyfen) and 15.09±10.35 (untreated
control) with no statistically significant differences. The sex ratio of the
progeny (M:F) was 0.8:1 (buprofezin), 2.6:1 (mineral oil), 1:1 (pyriproxyfen)
and 0.8:1 (untreated control). The surviving A. melinus females produced a mean
number of progeny of 3.75±0.35 (buprofezin), 36.04±4.20 (pyriproxyfen) and
36.44±2.42 (untreated control) with the first value significantly different
from the others. The sex ratio of the progeny (M:F) was 0.8:1 (buprofezin),
0.6:1 (pyriproxyfen) and 0.6:1 (untreated control). The surviving C. lycimnia
females (pyriproxyfen) didn't produce any progeny while 39.98±7.59 mean progeny
were produced by the untreated control. Semi-field and field trials are needed
to better define the compatibility of the tested pesticides with IPM strategies
in Citrus groves in Italy.
Buprofezin:
an effective and selective insect growth regulator against Unaspis citri (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on
citrus in south-east Queensland.
Author: Smith, D.; Papacek, D.
Year: 1990
Journal: General Applied Entomology
Volume: 22
Pages: 25-28
Abstract:
Unavailable
Effect
of field-weathered residues of pyriproxyfen on the predatory coccinellids
Chilocorus circumdatus Gyllenhal and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant
Author: Smith, K. M.; Smith, D.; Lisle, A. T.
Year: 1999
Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 39
Pages: 995-1000
Abstract: The residual toxicity of field-weathered residues of
the juvenile hormone analogue insecticide, pyriproxyfen was evaluated against
two coccinellids, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chilocorus circumdatus
Gyllenhal, key predators of mealybugs and scales in citrus in southeast Queensland. Pyriproxyfen
was applied as a high volume spray at 0.1, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L to late Valencia orange
trees, and larvae and adults of C. montrouzieri and C. circumdatus were exposed
to leaves picked at intervals varying from 0 to 112 days after spraying. The
effect on fourth and fifth instar larvae and pupation and subsequent adult
emergence, and on the viability of eggs from treated adults, was measured.
Regression models were developed to relate larval mortality and egg hatch to
pyriproxyfen concentration and weathering time. Pyriproxyfen killed larvae or
prevented pupation of 50% of C. montrouzieri for 64 days at 10 mg/L and for a
predicted 167 days at 100 mg/L; the effect on C. circumdatus was even greater,
lasting a predicted 210 days at 10 mg/L, Egg-hatch (from adults exposed to
treated leaves) was suppressed at 10 mg/L for 28 days in C. montrouzieri and
for 50 days in C. circumdatus; at 100 mg/L, suppression extended to 50 days and
a predicted 478 days, respectively. The combined effects on larvae and eggs of
rates between 10 and 100 mg/L would be extremely disruptive to both species.
Disruption was much less at 2 mg/L (lasting up to 3 weeks) and at 5 mg/L
(lasting up to 7 weeks). Because of its potency against scale insects,
pyriproxyfen may yet have a role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) providing
it is used very sparingly at dosage rates no greater than 2 mg/L.
Limitation
to use of topical toxicity data for predictions of pesticide side effects in
the field.
Author: Stark, J. D.; Jepson, P. C.; Mayer, D. F.
Year: 1995
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 88
Pages: 1081-1088
Abstract: We consider ways in which laboratory-derived
toxicity data might be used to predict the safety of insecticides to beneficial
invertebrates. ii model test system consisting of a predator, the convergent
lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin Meneville (larvae and adults); a
parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Haliday; and the bee species Apis mellifera L.,
Megachile rotundata (F.), and Nomia melanderi (Cockerell) was tested with
diazinon, imidacloprid, and RH-7988 [ethyl (3-tert-butyl-1-dimethyl
carbamoyl-1H-1,24-triazol-5-ylthio) acetate]. We also tested the pea aphid,
Acyrthasiphon pisum (Harris), to calculate selectivity ratios for these
beneficial species, which coexist with the aphid pest in Washington State
pea and alfalfa ecosystems. Topical toxicity was estimated for all species and
ranged 0.0002-0.45 micrograms per insect for diazinon, 0.000031-0.04 micrograms
per insect for imidacloprid, and 0.0015-6.11 micrograms per insect for RH-7988.
Selectivity ratios based on these values spanned 0.02-47.4, 12.9-1,290.3, and
13.3-4,073 for diazinon, imidacloprid, and RH-7988, respectively. Risk
assessment indices based on probit substitution (estimate of mortality of
beneficial species at LD(90) for the pest) and 2 standard methods for bees, a
sequential testing scheme and a hazard index gave variable predictions of the
compatibility of these compounds with integrated pest management. We conclude
that predictive methods must advance to consider relative exposure rates to
pesticides, aspects of chemical fate, and behavior of the organisms concerned
if they are to be useful. Above all, predictions must be validated with field
data.
Results
of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the
IOBC/WPRS-Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'
Author: Sterk, G.; Hassan, S. A.; Baillod, M.; Bakker, F.;
Bigler, F.; Blumel, S.; Bogenschutz, H.; Boller, E.; Bromand, B.; Brun, J.;
Calis, J. N. M.; Coremans-Pelseneer, J.; Duso, C.; Garrido, A.; Grove, A.;
Heimbach, U.; Hokkanen, H.; Jacas, J.; Lewis, G.; Moreth, L.; Polgar, L.;
Roversti, L.; Samsoe-Peterson, L.; Sauphanor, B.; Schaub, L.; Staubli, A.;
Tuset, J. J.; Vainio, A.; Van de Veire, M.; Viggiani, G.; Vinuela, E.; Vogt, H.
Year: 1999
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 44
Pages: 99-117
Abstract: The side effect of 10 insecticides, 5 fungicides and
5 herbicides on 24 different species of beneficial organisms was tested by
members of the Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms' of the
International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic
Regional Section (WPRS). The tests were conducted by 32 members in 12 countries
according to internationally approved guidelines. The microbial insecticides
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Delfin), B. thuringiensis var.
tenebrionis (Novodor) and Verticillium lecanii (Micro Germin), the fungicides
cyproconazol (Alto), difenoconazol (Score), lecithin (Bioblatt Mehltau) and
penconazol (Omnex), and the herbicides ethofumesat (Tramat), fluroxypyr
(Starane), haloxyfop (Gallant), isoproturon (Arelon) and metamitron (Goltix)
were harmless to nearly all the beneficial arthropods. The benzoylurea's
teflubenzuron (Nomolt) and flufenoxuron (Cascade) affected predators such as
anthocorids, earwigs, coccinellids and lacewings. The remaining preparations
were more toxic and should therefore be further tested in semi-field and field
experiments on relevant organisms. Most tested fungicides were toxic for the
entomopathogenic fungi.
Effects
of insecticides on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae), measured by
field, greenhouse and petri dish bioassays
Author: Studebaker, G. E.; Kring, T. J.
Year: 2003
Journal: Florida
Entomologist
Volume: 86
Pages: 178-185
Abstract: Orius insidiosus (Say) is an important predator of
several economic pests in cotton. Laboratory-reared males, females and third
instar nymphs were exposed to residues of nine insecticides applied to cotton
plants in the field, in potted plants in the greenhouse and glass Petri dishes
in the laboratory. Insects were exposed for 24-hours and then removed to
determine mortality. Insecticides tested were spinosad, indoxacarb, imidacloprid,
tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, fipronil and
lambda-cyhalothrin. Differences were observed in mortality as measured by
different methods. Spinosad, imidacloprid and indoxacarb induced significantly
higher mortality with treated Petri dishes than on treated cotton plants in the
field or greenhouse. No differences in mortality were observed between methods
with fipronil or lambda-cyhalothrin, and in only one instance with abamectin.
Spinosad was not toxic in the field or greenhouse bioassays, but was highly
toxic in the Petri dish bioassay. Imidacloprid was moderately toxic in the
field and greenhouse, but was highly toxic in the Petri dish bioassay.
Indoxacarb had variable toxicity, with low to moderate toxicity in the field and
greenhouse, and high toxicity in the Petri dish bioassay. It is apparent that
multiple testing methods should be used in evaluating the effects of pesticides
on beneficial arthropods.
Effect
of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum (Trichogrammatidae : Hymenoptera)
preimaginal development and adult survival
Author: Suh, C. P. C.; Orr, D. B.; Van Duyn, J. W.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 577-583
Abstract: The effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum
Pinto & Platner emergence, adult survival, and fitness parameters was
investigated. Insecticides tested were lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin,
thiodicarb, profenophos, spinosad, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide. All
insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, adversely
affected Trichogramma emergence from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) host eggs when
exposed at different preimaginal stages of development (larval, prepupal, or
pupal). Regardless of the developmental stage treated, none of the insecticides
tested had a significant effect on the sex ratio or frequency of brachyptery of
emerged females. However, the mean life span of emerged T. exiguum females
significantly varied among insecticide treatments, and was significantly
affected by the developmental stage of parasitoid when treated. Based on LC50
values, spinosad and prophenofos were the most toxic compounds to female T.
exiguum adults, followed by lambda cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and thiodicarb.
Insecticides field-weathered for four to 6 d on cotton leaves showed no
activity against female T. exiguum adults.
Tests
for evaluating the side effects of chlorothalonil (TPN) and spinosad on the
parasitic wasp (Aphidius colemant)
Author: Takahashi, Y.; Kojimoto, T.; Nagaoka, H.; Takagi,
Y.; Oikawa, M.
Year: 2005
Journal: Journal of Pesticide Science
Volume: 30
Pages: 11-16
Abstract: To better understand the side-effects of pesticides
on nontarget insects, exposure and mortality assessment tests were performed
with the parasitic wasp, Aphidius colemani. Quantities of chlorothalonit (TPN)
and spinosad in individual wasps were determined using commercially available
ELISA kits. TPN showed no side-effect on contact with dry film or oral
administration. The lethal dosage of spinosad on plant leaves was estimated at
ca. 0.2 mu g/cm(2) for individual wasps, and was supported by the results of
residual activity tests. Furthermore, a minimum of around 0.1 ng of spinosad
was observed in dead individuals exposed to plant leaves treated with a lethal
dosage of the posticide. (c) Pesticide Science Society of Japan
Lethal
and sub-lethal selectivity of fenbutatin oxide and sulfur to the predator Iphiseiodes
zuluagai (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its prey , Oligonychus ilicis (Acari:
Tetranychidae), in Brazilian coffee.
Author: Teodoro, A.V.; Fadini, M.A. M; Lemos, W.P.; Guedes,
R.N.C.; Pallini, A.
Year: 2005
Journal: Experimental and Applied Acarology
Volume: 36
Pages: 61-70
Abstract: Abstract
Lethal concentration (LC) has been widely used to estimate pesticide
toxicity. However, it does not consider the sub-lethal effects. Therefore we
included the instantaneous rate of increase in association with LC to estimate
population-level effects of the acaricides fenbutatin oxide and sulfur on the
predator Iphiseiodes zuluagai and its prey, the phytophagous southern red mite,
Oligonychus ilicis. The predator was 32.84x and 17.20x more tolerant to
fenbutatin oxide and sulfur, respectively, than its prey, based on LC50
estimates obtained from acute concentration–mortality bioassays. The
instantaneous rate of population growth in both mite species decreased with
increasing acaricide concentration. Both acaricides provided effective control
of O. ilicis at their recommended concentrations, but sulfur drastically
compromised the predator populations quickly leading them to extinction due to
the low reproductive potential of this species compared with its prey.
Keywords Acaricide selectivity - Acaricide tolerance -
Population-level effect - Reproductive impact - Southern red mite
Effects
of sulfur on Trichogramma egg parasitoids in vineyards: measuring toxic effects
and establishing release windows
Author: Thomson, L. J.; Glenn, D. C.; Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2000
Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 40
Pages: 1165-1171
Abstract: Trichogramma parasitoids are a commonly released
biological control agent against Lepidopteran pests. In vineyards in
south-eastern Australia,
Trichogramma carverae is released to control lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas
postvittana), a pest of grapevines. Sulfur is also sprayed on the vines to
control powdery mildew and mites. Our experiments aimed to assess the potential
impact of sulfur use on released and resident Trichogramma species (T.
carverae, T. funiculatum) and to devise a protocol to maximise the potential of
Trichogramma and optimally integrate the use of chemicals with biocontrol.
Laboratory and field studies indicate that sulfur is harmful to adults and to
immature stages contained within hosts where it increases mortality and reduces
fitness of the emerged wasps. Persistence trials showed that release of
Trichogramma 6 days after sulfur spraying will reduce the effects on released
organisms. To reduce the impact on resident Trichogramma, other chemicals will
need to be used.
Effect
of selected insecticides on the natural enemies Coleomegilla maculata and
Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), Geocoris punctipes
(Hemiptera : Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps, and
Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in cotton
Author: Tillman, P. G.; Mulrooney, J. E.
Year: 2000
Journal: Journal of Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Pages: 1638-1643
Abstract: We evaluated the toxicity of three insecticides
(lambda cyhalothrin, spinosad, and S-1812) to the natural enemies Bracon
mellitor Say. Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, Coleomgilla maculata De Geer,
Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Geocoris punctipes (Say), and Hippodamia
convergens Guerin-Meneville, in topical, residual, and field assays. Lambda cyhalothrin
exhibited the greatest toxicity to the natural enemies. In topical toxicity
tests, lambda cyhalothrin adversely affected each natural enemy species
studied. Residues of lambda cyhalothrin on cotton leaves were toxic to B.
mellitor, C. nigriceps, C. maculata, and G, punctipes. Interestingly residues
of this insecticide were not very toxic to C. marginiventris and H, convergens
Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata numbers in the field generally were
significantly lower for lambda cyhalothrin treatments than for the other four
treatments, substantiating the previous tests. Although cotton aphids began to
increase over all treatments around the middle of the test period, the number
of cotton aphids in the lambda cyhalothrin plots was significantly higher than
the number in any of the other treatments. As cotton aphids increased in lambda
cyhalothrin field diets, the predator H. convergens also increased in number,
indicating that lambda cyhalothrin did not adversely affect it in accordance
with the residual tests. Spinosad exhibited marginal to excellent selectivity,
but was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical
toxicity tests and to B. mellitor in residual tests. Spinosad generally did not
affect the number of G. punctipes, H. convergens, and C, maculata in the field
except for one day after the second application for G. punctipes. S-1812
exhibited good to excellent selectivity to the natural enemies. Some reduction
of G. punctipes occurred for only a short period after the first and second
application of this insecticide in the field. H. convergens and C. maculata
were affected very little by S-1812.
Toxicity
of selective insecticides to Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) (Hymenoptera :
Eulophidae), a parasitoid of the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza
trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera : Agrizomydae)
Author: Tran, D. H.; Takagi, M.; Takasu, K.
Year: 2005
Journal: Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu
University
Volume: 50
Pages: 109-118
Abstract: The susceptibilities of Neochrysocharis formosa, a
larval parasitoid of the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, to
three insecticides (imidacloprid, pymetrozine and lufenuron) were investigated
in the laboratory. Individual parasitoids were placed in the grass vials whose
internal surface was coated with the insecticides. For 24 h exposure, the LC50
values were 0.033 mu g/0.5ml for imidacloprid, 75.57 mu g/0.5ml for pymetrozine
and 0.417 mu l/0.5ml for lufenuron. For imidacloprid and lufenuron, these
values were 775.5 and 14.9 times lower than the recommended concentrations,
respectively. Even in the concentrations lower than the LG(50), parasitoid
survival rapidly decreased with time, and the longevity of parasitoid females
was also reduced. These results suggested that all of imidacloprid, pymetrozine
and lufenuron were harmful to N. formosa.
Effect
of the ecdysone agonists, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, on the lady beetle,
Coleomegilla maculata
Author: Trisyono, A.; Puttler, B.; Chippendale, G. M.
Year: 2000
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata
Volume: 94
Pages: 103-105
Abstract:
Unavailable
Evaluation
on the safety of pesticides to green lacewing, Mallada basalis larvae.
Author: Tzeng, C. C.; Kao, S. S.
Year: 1996
Journal: Plant Protection Bulletin
Volume: 38
Pages: 203-213
Abstract:
Unavailable
Integrating
pesticide effects with inundative biological control: interpretation of
pesticide toxicity curves for Anaphes iole in strawberries
Author: Udayagiri, S.; Norton, A. P.; Welter, S. C.
Year: 2000
Journal: Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata
Volume: 95
Pages: 87-95
Abstract: We examined pesticide residue effects on the egg
parasitoid Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an inundative
biological control agent for Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) in
strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). Our objectives were to identify
compatible pesticides, determine appropriate parasitoid release timings for
minimizing harmful effects, and develop an approach for interpreting pesticide
toxicity curves. Six insecticides, 2 acaricides and 6 fungicides were tested,
and survivorship of adult A. iole exposed to foliar residues for 48 h, at 4-6
different times after pesticide application, was examined. A logistic function
was developed for incorporating control mortality at each test date. Values for
LT50 (Lethal Time for 50% mortality) and mortalities on day 1 (initial
mortality) and day 13 (estimated maximum time parasitoid releases can be
delayed under extreme summer conditions) were estimated. In the study,
insecticide residues proved to be the most toxic, followed by those from
acaricides while most fungicides were least toxic. Among insecticides,
fenpropathrin, bifenthrin and carbaryl caused the greatest mortality (estimated
mortality on day 13 > 75%). Residues of naled resulted in the least
mortality (LT50 = 3.2 days) followed by methomyl (LT50 = 8.3 days) and
malathion (LT50 = 13.2 days). Estimated mortality = 12.3% on day 13 for the
acaricide propargite and < 1% for abamectin. For the fungicides benomyl,
captan, myclobutanil and thiram, estimated mortality on day 1 was < 1%, and
for iprodione it was < 6%, indicating compatibility with A. iole releases.
For sulfur, LT50 = 0, but the mortality decay curve was relatively flat (estimated
mortality on day 13 = 13.6%). These results suggest possibilities for
integrating A. iole releases with certain pesticide programs by appropriate
timing of pesticide applications to minimize negative impacts.
The
toxicity of aphicide residues to beneficial Invertebrates in cereal crops
Author: Unal, G.; Jepson, P. C.
Year: 1991
Journal: Annals of Applied Biology
Volume: 118
Pages: 493-502
Abstract: The toxicity of dimethoate, deltamethrin and
pirimicarb residues to Bembidion lampros and Coccinella septempunctata was
evaluated by confining groups of insects to winter wheat foliage and soil for
24 h at different times after treatment in the field. Flag leaf residues were
found to be more toxic than first leaf residues: soil residues were the least
toxic with pirimicarb showing virtually no soil toxicity. In general,
dimethoate and deltamethrin showed similar levels of foliar toxicity with flag
leaf toxicity on the first day after treatment being in the range 60-80% for B.
lampros; deltamethrin was however, less toxic than dimethoate at ground level.
Both of these products were more toxic than pirimicarb. The long-term exposure
of insects, surviving the 24 h bioassays, to treated soil at different times
following application resulted in further mortality and provided estimates of
the maximum levels of mortality that populations of predators might suffer
migrating into the crop at different times following application. Dimethoate
was shown to be particularly harmful at the current recommended field
application rate and reduced doses were proposed to limit the severity of the
initial effects.
Toxicity
of some pesticides to Eretmocerus debachi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an
important parsitoid of Parabemisia
myricae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).
Author: Uygun, N.; Sengonca, C.; Ulusoy, M. R.; Kersting, U.
Year: 1994
Journal: Bulletin of Entomological Research
Volume: 84
Pages: 119-122
Abstract: The effects of nine pesticides commonly used in
citrus orchards were tested on adults, larvae and pupae of the parasitoid Eretmocerus
debachi Rose & Rosen in the laboratory. All pesticides caused immediate
mortality to adult parasitoid females and significant losses in efficiency if
applied to larvae of E. debachi in its host Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana). Only
the fungicide captan and the insecticide Mercathion (malathion) were slightly
harmful and harmless to the parasitoid larva. Gramoxone (paraquat), Dursban 4
(chlopyrifos-ethyl), Mercathion and Supracide (methidathion) were harmful to E.
debachi pupae, while five other pesticides were only moderately harmful or
harmless.
Efficacy
of the insect growth regulators tebufenozide and fenoxycarb for lepidopteran
pest control in apples, and their compatibility with biological control for
integrated pest management
Author: Valentine, B. J.; Gurr, G. M.; Thwaite, W. G.
Year: 1996
Journal: Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Volume: 36
Pages: 501-506
Abstract: The insect growth regulators tebufenozide and
fenoxycarb were compared with the industry standard organophosphate, azinphos-methyl,
in a replicated field trial. In both the 1992-93 and 1993-94 seasons, the 2
insect growth regulators maintained damage levels to harvested and windfall
apples below 1% for both codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) and lightbrown apple
moth (Epiphyas postvittana Walker). This was despite considerable pest pressure
as indicated by pheromone trap catches of both species. In the first season of
the trial, E. postvittana was controlled more effectively (P<0.05) by
tebufenozide than by fenoxycarb. In both seasons, populations of two-spotted
mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and European red mite, Panonychus ulmi Koch,
were higher in plots under azinphos-methyl treatment than in either insect
growth regulator treatment. Neither insect growth regulator appeared to
suppress populations of the phytoseiids Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten and
Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt. Limb jarring in the second season showed
statistically significant (P<0.05) differences in populations of other
predators which may have contributed to the biological control of phytophagous
mites in the insect growth regulator treatments. Numbers of spiders, Stethorus
spp., and apple dimpling bug (Campylomma liebknechti Girault) nymphs were all
lower in the azinphos-methyl treatment. Results are discussed in relation to
reducing dependence on conventional pesticides by use of more target-specific
compounds which may be more compatible with biological control.
Susceptibility
of three Stethorus spp. (Coleopotera: Coccinellidae) to selected
chemicals used in NSW apple orchards.
Author: Walters, P.J.
Year: 1976
Journal: Journal of the Australian Entomological Society - (Formerly - Journal of Australian Entomological Science)
Volume: 15
Pages: 49-52
Abstract: The contact susceptibility of Stethorus loxtoni, S. nigripes and S. vagans in the egg, larval and adult stages to 27 chemicals was assessed. The chemicals tested at field concentration included insecticides, miticides, fungicides, herbicides, chemical thinners and an antifeedant. Seven of these chemicals were highly toxic e.g., azinphos-methyl, DDT, carbaryl, endosulfan, malathion, metidathion, tetrachlorvinphos, while twelve wer non-toxic e.g., vamidothion, Bacillus thuringiensis, Ryania, phenisobromolate, chlordimeform, cyclosulfyne, azaform, benomyl, captan, diuron, N.A.A., fentin hydroxide. The feasibility of these chemicals being used in an integrated control progra is discussed.
Coccinellids
in cotton: Population response to pesticide application and feeding response to
cotton aphids (Homoptera : Aphididae)
Author: Wells, M. L.; McPherson, R. M.; Ruberson, J. R.;
Herzog, G. A.
Year: 2001
Journal: Environmental Entomology
Volume: 30
Pages: 785-793
Abstract: Four treatments were evaluated during 1997 and 1998
to determine the effects of pesticides on coccinellid densities: (1) untreated
control, (2) foliar applications of a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid
(Provado 1.6 F), when spray thresholds of aphid numbers were exceeded in all
plots, (3) weekly foliar applications of a fungicide, chlorothalonil (Bravo
720), and (4) weekly foliar applications of imidacloprid (Provado 1.6 F). The
coccinellids observed in Georgia cotton during the study included Hippodamia
convergens Guerin-Meneville, Scymnus spp., Harmonia axyridis (Pallas),
Coccinella septempunctata L., and Coleomegilla maculata (Mulsant). During 1997,
H. convergens and Scymnus spp. comprised 75 and 15%, respectively, of all
coccinellids observed during the study. During 1998, Scymnus spp. comprised 44%
of all coccinellids, and H. convergens comprised 33%. Coccinellid population
densities closely tracked those of cotton aphids during both years. Cotton
aphid and coccinellid densities were greatest in the chlorothalonil treatment
during both years of the study. In functional feeding response experiments,
fourth-instar and adult Scynmus creperus exhibited a type H functional response
to A. gossypii density under laboratory conditions, Fourth instars exhibited a
higher search rate and shorter handling time than adult S. creperus.
Collectively, coccinellids are a valuable component of the cotton aphid's
natural enemy complex.
Doreen and
Victoria: viticultural supermites.
Author: Whitney, J.; James, D. G.
Year: 1992
Editor: Corey, S. A.; Dall, D. J.; Milne, W. M.
Book Title: Pest Control and
Sustainable Agriculture
City: Canberra
Pages: 240-241
Short Title: Doreen and Victoria: viticultural supermites.
Effects
of insecticides on non-target organisms in African agroecosystems: a case for establishing
regional testing programmes
Author: Wiktelius, S.; Chiverton, P. A.; Meguenni, H.;
Bennaceur, M.; Ghezal, F.; Umeh, E. D. N.; Egwuatu, R. I.; Minja, E.; Makusi,
R.; Tukahirwa, E.; Tinzaara, W.; Deedat, Y.
Year: 1999
Journal: Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment
Volume: 75
Pages: 121-131
Abstract: Field trials were simultaneously conducted in
Algeria, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia between 1992 and 1995 in order to
determine the effects of organochlorine pesticides lindane tall countries) and
endosulfan (two countries) on cion-target arthropods in African maize
agroecosystems. In addition, a laboratory screening test was conducted to
determine the initial toxicity's of several organochlorines and a synthetic
pyrethroid to three species of non-target arthropods. Lindane significantly
reduced the numbers of Collembola in over 80% of the field trials for an
average of six weeks. Similarly, spiders were reduced in 53 % of the trials for
an average of 2,8 week, and ants were reduced in 64% of the trials for an
average of 2.5 week. The lindane treatment significantly reduced organic matter
breakdown in over 45% of the trials, whereas endosulfan had no effect. The
latter had little or no effect on non-target arthropods. The lindane treatment
significantly reduced plant damage in all countries. However, corresponding
significant increases in yield were observed in less than 50%. There was an
apparent consistent effect of lindane on different non-target groups as
indicated by the positive correlation's between these variables. Endosulfan was
found to be harmless to all the non-target arthropod species included in the
laboratory screening tests. The order of toxicity was lindane = deltamethrin
much greater than chlorpyrifos much greater than endosulfan. It is concluded
that African countries need to develop procedures for testing pesticides in Africa in order to arrive at the correct conclusions
concerning adverse side effects from pesticide use. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science
B,V. All rights reserved.
A space-efficient
contact toxicity bioassay for minute Hymenoptera, used to test the effects of
novel and conventional insecticides on the egg parasitoids Anaphes iole and
Trichogramma pretiosum
Author: Williams, L.; Price, L. D.
Year: 2004
Journal: Biocontrol
Volume: 49
Pages: 163-185
Abstract: We developed and tested a novel bioassay method for
assessment of contact residues of pesticides to minute Hymenoptera. This method
maintained a plant-toxin-insect interface representative of natural conditions
in the field or greenhouse, and was space-efficient. The procedure was useful
in studies with both foliar residues and systemic uptake. Furthermore, the
method was relatively straightforward, easy to setup, and inexpensive. Tests
with the egg parasitoids Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) confirmed that
this method provided consistent, repeatable assessment of concentration-
response relationships for several insecticide classes. Other researchers
studying pesticide effects on minute Hymenoptera might find this bioassay
method helpful, especially in situations where space is limited. We discovered
differential susceptibility of these parasitoids to spinosad, thiamethoxam, and
oxamyl. The order of toxicity for A. iole was spinosad> thiamethoxam>
oxamyl, and for T. pretiosum was thiamethoxam> spinosad> oxamyl. Our
results underscored the danger of generalizing pesticide effects across even
closely related insects, and demonstrated that novel 'selective' insecticides
are highly toxic to A. iole and T. pretiosum.
Toxicity
of greenhouse pesticides to multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis
(Coleoptera : Coccinellidae)
Author: Youn, Y. N.; Seo, M. J.; Shin, J. G.; Jang, C.; Yu,
Y. M.
Year: 2003
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 28
Pages: 164-170
Abstract: A variety of insecticides, acaricides, and
fungicides is used in greenhouses to protect plants. As predacious ladybirds
are also used to control aphids, it is important to understand the effects of
such pesticides on these beneficial insects. We examined the susceptibility to
all developmental stages of the multicolored Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia
axyridis (Pallas), to 12 agents: four insecticides, four acaricides and four
fungicides. Etofenprox and acetamiprid were highly toxic to most developmental
stages, and also in the adult at 200 mg [AI]/L and 40 mg [AI]/L (recommended
dosages for aphid control). Thiamethoxam caused knockdown of larvae, pupae, and
adults; however, most recovered within 24 h. Imidacloprid, applied at 50 mg
[AI]/L, produced LC50 values of 30.3 and 190.2 mg [AI]/L for 3rd and 4th
instars, respectively. Abamectin was highly toxic to eggs, larvae, pupae, and
adult ladybirds at rates under 18.4 mg [AI]/L. However, recommended doses of
other acaricides were very safe to all stages except for the egg stage of H.
axyridis. The fungicide pyrazophos was highly toxic to eggs and larvae at a
rate much lower than the recommended dose, while other tested fungicides were
not toxic to any of the ladybird stages at rates over 1000 mg [AI]/L.
Generally, the 1st and 2nd instars of H. axyridis were very sensitive to most
of the tested insecticides and acaricides. Fungicides, on the other hand, were
generally harmless to H. axyridis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All
rights reserved.
The
side-effects of plant protection products used in olive cultivation on the
hymenopterous egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal
Author: Youssef, A. I.; Nasr, F. N.; Stefanos, S. S.;
Elkhair, S. S. A.; Shehata, W. A.; Agamy, E.; Herz, A.; Hassan, S. A.
Year: 2004
Journal: Journal of Applied Entomology
Volume: 128
Pages: 593-599
Abstract: Six insecticides (Malathion, Quik, Cidial,
Dimethoate, Actellic, Deltamethrin) and two mineral oils (Super misrona and
Kemesol) are currently used to control the most important pests in Mediterranean olive cultivation (olive fly, olive moth
and black scale). Potential side-effects of these compounds were tested on the
egg parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal, following recommendations of the
working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms' of the International
Organization for Biological Control, West Palaearctic Regional Section
(IOBC/WPRS). In the present study, three different types of test methods were
carried out: (1) initial toxicity dose-response test on adult wasps; (2)
initial toxicity test on pupae, using field recommended rates; and (3)
persistent test on olive foliage to assess the duration of harmful activity.
The six insecticides tested reduced parasitism by 80-95% and rated as
moderately harmful at the field recommended doses. The two mineral oils reduced
parasitism up to 25% and were therefore rated as harmless to the adult stage of
the parasitoid. The results of the pupal test (parasitoid pupa inside the host
egg) showed that Malathion was harmless; Quik, Actellic and Cidial were
slightly harmful, while Dimethoate and Deltamethrin were moderately harmful.
The results of the persistence test on olive foliage showed that Malathion,
Quik and Actellic were slightly persistent, while Cidial, Dimethoate and
Deltamethrin were moderately persistent.
Population
densities of Tetranychus spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) after treatment
with insecticides for Amyelois transitella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Author: Bentley, W. J.,
Zalom, F. G., Barnett, W. W. and Sanderson, J. P.
Year: 1987
Pages: 193-200
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 80
Abstract: Unavailable
Reducing
the impact of pesticides on biological control in Australian vineyards:
pesticide mortality and fecundity effects on an indicator species, the
predatory mite Euseius victoriensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Author: Bernard, M. B.,
Cole, P., Kobelt, A., Horne, P. A., Altmann, J., Wratten, S. D. and Yen, A. L.
Year: 2010
Pages: 2061-2071
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 103
Abstract: Laboratory
bioassays on detached soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., leaves were used
to test 23 fungicides, five insecticides, two acaricides, one herbicide, and
two adjuvants on a key Australian predatory mite species Euseius
victoriensis (Womersley) in “worst-case scenario” direct overspray assays.
Zero- to 48-h-old juveniles, their initial food, and water supply were sprayed
to runoff with a Potter tower; spinosad and wettable sulphur residues also were
tested. Tests were standardized to deliver a pesticide dose comparable with
commercial application of highest label rates at 1,000 litre/ha. Cumulative
mortality was assessed 48 h, 4 d, and 7 d after spraying. Fecundity was
assessed for 7 d from start of oviposition. No significant mortality or
fecundity effects were detected for the following compounds at single-use
application at 1,000 liter/ha: azoxystrobin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
subsp. kurstaki, captan, chlorothalonil, copper hydroxide, fenarimol,
glyphosate, hexaconazole, indoxacarb, metalaxyl/copper hydroxide, myclobutanil,
nonyl phenol ethylene oxide, phosphorous acid, potassium bicarbonate,
pyraclostrobin, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine, synthetic latex, tebufenozide,
triadimenol, and trioxystrobin. Iprodione and penconazole had some detrimental
effect on fecundity. Canola oil as acaricide (2 liter/100 liter) and wettable
sulfur (200 g/100 liter) had some detrimental effect on survival and fecundity
and cyprodinil/ fludioxonil on survivor. The following compounds were highly
toxic (high 48-h mortality): benomyl, carbendazim, emamectin benzoate,
mancozeb, spinosad (direct overspray and residue), wettable sulphur (400 g/100 litre),
and pyrimethanil; pyrimethanil had no significant effect on fecundity of
surviving females. Indoxacarb safety to E. victoriensis contrasts with
its toxicity to key parasitoids and chrysopid predators. Potential impact of
findings is discussed.
Testing
for non-target effects of spiromesifen on Eretmocerus mundus and Orius
laevigatus under greenhouse conditions
Author: Bielza, P., Fernández,
E., Grávalos, C. and Izquierdo, J.
Year: 2009
Pages: 229-236
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 54
Abstract: Spiromesifen is
a novel insecticide/acaricide belonging to the new chemical class of
spirocyclic phenyl-substituted tetronic acids, and it is especially active
against whiteflies and tetranychid spider mite species. In the biologically
based integrated pest management (IPM) programs in vegetable crops in south-eastern
Spain, the key natural enemies include the parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus Mercet
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) for sweetpotato whitefly control, and the minute
pirate bug, Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) for
western flower thrips control. Side effects of spiromesifen on E. mundus and
O. laevigatus, were evaluated by laboratory studies and field trials in
commercial greenhouses under IPM programs. Results indicate that spiromesifen
had favourable selectivity to O. laevigatus and E. mundus and
would complement biological control of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. mundus.
Effect
of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on egg hatch, nymph development,
adult emergence and reproduction of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina
citri Kuwayama
Author: Boina, D. R.,
Rogers, M. E., Wang, N. and Stelinski, L. L.
Year: 2010
Pages: 349-357
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 66
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The
Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is a vector of
bacteria presumably responsible for huanglongbing (HLB) disease in citrus. In
this laboratory study, an investigation was made of the activity of
pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone mimic, on ACP eggs, nymphs and adults to
evaluate its potential as a biorational insecticide for inclusion in an
integrated pest management (IPM) program for ACP. RESULTS: Irrespective of egg
age, timing or method of treatment, a significantly lower percentage of eggs
(5–29%) hatched after exposure to 64 and 128 µg ml−1 of
pyriproxyfen. Only 0–36% of early instars (first, second and third) and 25–74%
of late instars (fourth and fifth) survived to adults following exposure to 16,
32 and 64 µg ml−1 of pyriproxyfen. However, 15–20% of adults that
emerged following treatment as late instars exhibited morphological
abnormalities. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen adversely affected reproduction
(fecundity and fertility) of adults that emerged from treated fifth instars or
that were treated topically with 0.04 µg as adults. CONCLUSIONS: Application of
pyriproxyfen at 64 µg ml−1 resulted in greater inhibition of egg hatch
and suppression of adult emergence compared with lower rates. Pyriproxyfen also
markedly reduced female fecundity and egg viability for adults that were
exposed either as fifth instars or as newly emerged adults. The ovicidal,
larvicidal and reproductive effects against ACP suggest that pyriproxyfen is
suitable for integration into an IPM program for ACP.
Toxicity
of indoxacarb to two species of predacious mites and a predacious Mirid
Author: Bostanian, N.
J., Vincent, C., Hardman, J. M. and Larocque, N.
Year: 2004
Pages: 483-486
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 60
Abstract: Indoxacarb is a
novel oxadiazine pro-insecticide that has no toxic effects on the adults,
fecundity and eclosion of Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), a predacious
phytoseiid, or Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a predacious stigmaeid. It
is toxic to Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say), a predacious mirid that has
been reported from several Quebec orchards where IPM programs are used. The LC50
for this mirid is about one-half of the recommended dose (0.054 g a.i. litre−1)
of indoxacarb for apple orchards. Following an application, the intoxicated
mirids remained motionless as their prolegs and posterior had paralyzed.
Twenty-four hours later, they appeared smaller, shrunken and severely desiccated.
Selectivity
of chlorantraniliprole to parasitoid wasps
Author: Brugger, K. E.,
Cole, P. G., Newman, I. C., Parker, N., Scholz, B., Suvagia, P., Walker, G. and
Hammond, T. G.
Year: 2010
Pages: 1075-1081
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 66
Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Chlorantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide registered for
use in vegetables, fruits, grains and turf against a variety of insect pests.
The objective of this article is to summarize results of acute toxicity testing
of chlorantraniliprole on seven species of parasitic wasps with wide geographic
distribution and relevance to different crops and integrated pest management
(IPM) programmes. RESULTS: Tier-1, worst-case laboratory studies evaluated wasp
survival and reproduction following different exposure concentrations and
scenarios to chlorantraniliprole (i.e. fresh-dried spray deposits on glass
plates, direct contact, ingestion, egg card, dipped leaf residue bioassays,
sprayed mummies). No statistically significant effects on adult survival,
percentage parasitism or emergence were observed following exposures to
chlorantraniliprole compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Chlorantraniliprole was
harmless to the parasitoid wasp species tested according to IOBC classification
criteria (<30% effects) and may be a useful tool in IPM programmes.
Commercial
agrochemical applications in vineyards do not influence ant communities
Author: Chong, C. S.,
Hoffmann, A. A. and Thomson, L. J.
Year: 2007
Pages: 1374-83
Journal: Environmental
Entomology
Volume: 36
Abstract: Ants have been
widely used as bioindicators for various terrestrial monitoring and assessment
programs but are seldom considered in evaluation of nontarget pesticide effect.
Much chemical assessment has been biased toward laboratory and bioassay testing
for control of specific pest ant species. Several field studies that did
explore the nontarget impacts of pesticides on ants have reported contradictory
findings. To address the impact of chemical applications on ants, we tested the
response of epigeal ant assemblages and community structure to three pesticide
gradients (cumulative International Organization for Biological and Integrated
Control toxicity rating, chlorpyrifos use rate, and sulphur use rate) in 19
vineyards. Ordination analyses using nonmetric multidimensional scaling
detected community structures at species and genus levels, but the structures
were not explained by any pesticide variables. There was no consistent pattern
in species and genus percentage complementarities and ant assemblages along
pesticide gradients. In contrast, ant community structure was influenced by the
presence of shelterbelts near the sampling area. Reasons for the resilience of
ants to pesticides are given and assessment at the colony level instead of
workers abundance is suggested. The presence of Linepithema humile (Mayr)
is emphasized.
Impact
of neonicotinoid insecticides on natural enemies in greenhouse and
interiorscape environments
Author: Cloyd, R. A. and
Bethke, J. A.
Year: 2011
Pages: 3-9
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 67
Abstract: The
neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam
and clothianidin are commonly used in greenhouses and/or interiorscapes (plant
interiorscapes and conservatories) to manage a wide range of plant-feeding
insects such as aphids, mealybugs and whiteflies. However, these systemic
insecticides may also be harmful to natural enemies, including predators and
parasitoids. Predatory insects and mites may be adversely affected by
neonicotinoid systemic insecticides when they: (1) feed on pollen, nectar or
plant tissue contaminated with the active ingredient; (2) consume the active
ingredient of neonicotinoid insecticides while ingesting plant fluids; (3) feed
on hosts (prey) that have consumed leaves contaminated with the active
ingredient. Parasitoids may be affected negatively by neonicotinoid
insecticides because foliar, drench or granular applications may decrease host
population levels so that there are not enough hosts to attack and thus sustain
parasitoid populations. Furthermore, host quality may be unacceptable for egg
laying by parasitoid females. In addition, female parasitoids that host feed
may inadvertently ingest a lethal concentration of the active ingredient or a
sublethal dose that inhibits foraging or egg laying. There are, however, issues
that require further consideration, such as: the types of plant and flower that
accumulate active ingredients, and the concentrations in which they are accumulated;
the influence of flower age on the level of exposure of natural enemies to the
active ingredient; the effect of neonicotinoid metabolites produced within the
plant. As such, the application of neonicotinoid insecticides in conjunction
with natural enemies in protected culture and interiorscape environments needs
further investigation.
Effect
of pesticides on adult rove beetle Atheta coriaria (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae) survival in growing medium
Author: Cloyd, R. A.,
Timmons, N. R., Goebel, J. M. and Kemp, K. E.
Year: 2009
Pages: 1750-1758
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 102
Abstract: The rove beetle Atheta
coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a natural enemy
(biological control agent) commercially available for control of certain
greenhouse insect pests, including fungus gnats, shore flies, and thrips. This
study assessed the compatibility of pesticides (insecticides and fungicides)
used in greenhouses with A. coriaria adults. Treatments were applied to
473-ml deli squat containers half-filled with a growing medium. We evaluated
the effects of the pesticides when releases of A. coriaria adults were
performed both before and after application of the designated pesticide
solutions. All three of the neonicotinoid-based insecticides (clothianidin,
dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam) were directly harmful to A. coriaria
adults with 3.2 adults recovered (out of 20) among all three treatments across
all experiments. In addition, the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos at
the low (0.25 fl oz/100 gal) and high (0.50 fl oz/100 gal) label rates; the
plant-derived essential oil product (Indoor Pharm) containing soybean and
rosemary oil; and the insecticide/miticide chlorfenpyr were directly harmful to
A. coriaria adults with recovery rates of 8.6 (out of 20) among all the
treatments. The fungicides (azoxystrobin, fosetyl-aluminum, and mefenoxam) were
not directly toxic to A. coriaria adults, with 17.7 adults recovered
(out of 20) across all experiments. The insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis
subsp. israelensis, flonicamid, Metarhizium anisopliae strain, and spinosad)
and insect growth regulator azadirachtin were also not directly toxic to A.
coriaria adults. Furthermore, many of these same treatments did not inhibit
the ability of adult A. coriaria to consume fungus gnat (Bradysia sp.
nr. coprophila) larvae in a feeding behaviour experiment. Although the
neonicotinoid-based insecticides were directly harmful to adult A. coriaria,
when adults were released 48, 72, or 96 h after application, survival increased
dramatically over time. This study has quantitatively demonstrated that certain
pesticides (both insecticides and fungicides) are compatible with and can be
used along with A. coriaria in systems that use this natural enemy to
manage fungus gnat larvae.
Impact
of azadirachtin on vine weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reproduction.
Author: Cowles, R.
Year: 2004
Pages: 291-294
Journal: Agricultural and
Forest Entomology
Volume: 6
Abstract: 1The
dose–response of azadirachtin on vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius),
reproduction is investigated by confining adults to feed on treated Taxus ×
media leaves, and by counting and evaluating development in the resulting eggs.
2A
dosage-dependent reduction in oviposition is discovered for foliar surface
residues of azadirachtin, with an EC50 of 25–50 parts per million
(p.p.m) and 99.2% inhibition of viable egg production with 100 p.p.m.
3Switching
weevils from treated to untreated foliage allows reproductive capability to be restored
for weevils that cease egg laying after azadirachtin exposure of 50 p.p.m.
Weevils that had already started laying eggs in untreated groups soon cease
oviposition once switched to azadirachtin-treated foliage.
4A transovarial
effect results in a decrease in the percentage of viable eggs as the
azadirachtin concentration increases.
5The amount of
feeding on foliage does not appreciably decrease at these hormonally effective
concentrations, and adult weevil mortality is only slightly greater in the azadirachtin-treated
groups. Therefore, the overall effect of azadirachtin on weevil populations in
the field is difficult to assess, except by collecting weevils to determine
whether they are able to lay viable eggs.
Laboratory
bioassays and field evaluation of insecticides for the control of Anthonomus
rubi, Lygus rugulipennis and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, and
effects on beneficial species, in UK strawberry production
Author: Fitzgerald, J.
Year: 2004
Pages: 801-809
Journal: Crop Protection
Volume: 23
Abstract: Abamectin,
Beauveria bassiana, buprofezin, pymetrozine, tebufenpyrad, acetamiprid and the
coded product 60145 were tested in laboratory bioassays to determine their
effects on the strawberry pests Anthonomus rubi, Lygus rugulipennis
and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii and on the predatory species Phytoseiulus
persimilis and Chrysoperla carnea. Abamectin, acetamiprid,
tebufenpyrad and 60145 were the most effective insecticides against the pests.
These four compounds all had some effect on P. persimilis, but
acetamiprid was the least toxic (63% mortality after 48 h). Abamectin,
tebufenpyrad and 60145 had no detectable effect on C. carnea larvae,
whereas acetamiprid caused 38% mortality after 72 h. In field experiments
where acetamiprid, 60145 and abamectin were tested against C. fragaefolii,
acetamiprid was very effective at reducing numbers of the aphid. Naturally
occurring beneficial anthocorid species were reduced in number but not
eliminated in the acetamiprid treatment. In field tests acetamiprid, abamectin
and thiacloprid were less effective against L. rugulipennis than the
industry standard chlorpyrifos. Reductions were small but statistically
significant in the acetamiprid and thiacloprid treatments. Fruit damage was
also reduced in these treatments. There was no detectable effect of these
insecticides on naturally occurring beneficial species.
Tandem
use of selective insecticides and natural enemies for effective, reduced-risk
pest management
Author: Gentz, M. C.,
Murdoch, G. and King, G. F.
Year: 2010
Pages: 208-215
Journal: Biological
Control
Volume: 52
Abstract: Selective
chemical insecticides have become the dominant approach for management of
recalcitrant and resistant insect pests, and the prospects for use of these
chemicals in combination with biocontrol agents are on the rise. These chemical
compounds, when used in combination with an effective natural enemy, may
provide more comprehensive prophylactic and remedial treatments in the context
of an integrated pest management program (IPM) than either approach alone. Many
of these compounds have promise for a diversity of applications, including
sustainable agriculture, control of urban pests, and invasive species
eradication. Unfortunately, there are only a limited number of studies in which
the effect of these insecticides on natural enemies has been examined. In this
article, we examine the risk of several classes of insecticidal compounds to
non-target animals, particularly natural enemies and pollinators, and review
the most promising compounds for combined deployment with biological agents.
Effect
of reduced risk pesticides on greenhouse vegetable arthropod biological control
agents
Author: Gradish, A. E.,
Scott-Dupree, C. D., Shipp, L., Harris, C. R. and Ferguson, G.
Year: 2011
Pages: 82-86
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 67
Abstract: BACKGROUND:
Arthropod biological control agents (BCAs) are commonly released for greenhouse
vegetable insect pest management. Nevertheless, chemicals remain a necessary
control tactic for certain insect pests and diseases and they can have negative
impacts on BCAs. The compatibility of some formulated reduced risk insecticides
(abamectin, metaflumizone and chlorantraniliprole) and fungicides
(myclobutanil, potassium bicarbonate and cyprodinil + fludioxonil) used, or
with promise for use, in Canadian greenhouses with Orius insidiosus
(Say), Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) and Eretmocerus eremicus (Rose
& Zolnerovich) was determined through laboratory and greenhouse bioassays.
RESULTS: Overall, the insecticides and fungicides were harmless as residues to
adult BCAs. However, abamectin was slightly to moderately harmful to O.
insidiosus and A. swirskii in laboratory bioassays, whereas
metaflumizone was slightly harmful to E. eremicus. CONCLUSIONS: In
general, these products appear safe to use prior to establishment/release of
these adult BCAs
Results
of the third joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS working group
'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'.
Author: Hassan, S. A.,
Bigler, F., Blaisinger, P., Bogenschutz, H., Boller, E., Brun, J., Chiverton,
P., Edwards, P., Huang, P., Inglefield, C., Naton, E., Oomen, P. A., Overmeer,
W. P., Rieckmann, W., Samsoe-Petersen, L., Staubli, L., Tuset, J. J., Viggiani,
G. and van Wetswinkel, G.
Year: 1987
Pages: 92-107
Journal: Journal of
Applied Entomology
Volume: 103
Abstract: Results are
presented of laboratory, semi-field and field tests to assess the side effects
of pesticides on beneficial organisms obtained during the third testing
programme of the Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms” of the
International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), West Palaearctic
Regional Section (WPRS). The programme included 22 pesticides, 19 beneficial
organisms, and was carried out by 19 group members in 9 European countries.
Beside the results of the third testing programme, data on the side effects of
62 pesticides tested in all three joint programmes carried out between 1977 and
1985 are summarized in 7 different croporientated tables. These tables include
beneficial organisms that are relevant to, and pesticides that are used on (a)
vegetable crops (especially Brassica spp.), (b) glasshouse crops, (c)
top fruit, (d) cereals, (e) root and forage crops (sugar-beet, potato, rape,
corn), (f) vine and (g) forestry. Among the 62 pesticides tested, the following
25 compounds were of limited persistence and/or were relatively less toxic to
the natural enemies tested: Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis), Torque (fenbutatin
oxide, AAzomate (benzoximate), Dimilin (diflubenzuron), Tedion V 18
(tetradifon), Kelthane (dicofol), Spruzit-Nova-flüssig (pyrethrum +
piperonylbutoxide), Pirimor-Granulat (pirimicarb), Nimrod (bupirimate),
Bayleton (triadimefon), Ronilan (vinclozolin), Orthocid 83 (captan), Cercobin-M
(thiophanat-methyl), Ortho Difolatan (captafol), Derosal (carbendazim), Daconil
500 (chlorothalonil), Plondrel (ditalimfos), Pomarsol forte (thiram), Dithane
Ultra (mancozeb), Illoxan (diclofop-methyl), Semeron (desmetryn), Betanal
(phenmedipham), Kerb 50 W (propyzamid), Cycocel Extra (chlormequat), Rhodofix
(naphthyl acetic acid).
Results
of the fourth joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the
IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”
Author: Hassan, S. A.,
Bigler, F., Bogenschütz, H., Boller, E., Brun, J., Chiverton, P., Edwards, P.,
Mansour, F., Naton, E., Oomen, P. A., Overmeer, W. P. J., Polgar, L.,
Rieckmann, W., Samsøe-Petersen, L., Stäubli, A., Sterk, G., Tavares, K., Tuset,
J. J., Viggiani, G. and Vivas, A. G.
Year: 1988
Pages: 321-329
Journal: Journal of
Applied Entomology
Volume: 105
Abstract: Abstract The
side effects of 9 insecticides, 8 fungicides and 4 herbicides on 19 different
beneficial arthropods and 1 entomopathogenic fungus were tested by the
IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. Twenty research
workers from 13 countries participated. A combination of 5 different types of
test methods was used: a. laboratory, exposed life stage of the organism, b.
laboratory, less exposed life stage, c. semi-field, initial toxicity, d.
semi-field, persistence (duration of harmful activity), e. field. Although
nearly all the insecticides tested were harmful to most of the beneficial
insects tested, especially in the first test, few of them were shown to be less
harmful or less persistent in further testing.The fungicides Milgo-E
(ethirimol) and Trimidal EC (nuarimol) which are used on cereal crops as well
as Rubigan Vloeibaar (fenarimol) and Ortho-Phaltan 50 (folpet) which are used
in fruit orchards were found to be harmless to all beneficial organisms
relevant for these crops tested in the experiments and can be recommended for
use in integrated control programmes.With different predatory mites, there was
clear agreement between the results of laboratory, semi-field and field
experiments. The insecticides Asepta Nexion (bromophos), Birlane EC 40
(chlorfenvinphos), Dursban Spritzpulver (chlorpyrifos), Ambush C
(cypermethrin), Basudine Vloeibaar (diazinon), Perfekthion (dimethoate),
Phosdrine W 10 (mevinphos), Dimecron 20 (phosphamidon), Hostathion (triazophos)
as well as the fungicide Polyram-Combi (metiram) were found to be harmful to
predatory mites in all types of tests. The fungicides Milgo-E (ethirimol),
Corbel (fenpropimorph) and Trimidal EC (nuarimol) were harmless. The agreement
of results between the laboratory, semi-field and field tests indicated that,
at least with predatory mites, reliable results can also be expected on the
harmfulness of pesticides from laboratory experiments. The results also showed
that 6 insecticides, 1 fungicide and 2 herbicides were harmless to the
entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii.
Results
of the joint pesticide testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS working group
'Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods'
Author: Hassan, S. A.,
Bigler, F., Bogenschutz, H., Brown, J. U., Firth, S. I., huang, P., Ledieu, P.,
Naton, E., Oomen, P. A., Overmeer, W. J. P., Rieckmann, W., Samsoe-Petersen,
L., Viggiani, G. and van Zon, A. Q.
Year: 1983
Pages: 151-158
Journal: Journal of
Applied Entomology
Volume: 95
Abstract: The side effects
of 40 pesticides on 9 to 13 beneficial arthropods were tested by members of the
Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods” of the International
Organization for Biological Control in 6 different countries using standard
test methods. The beneficial arthropods tested were Amblyseius potentillae,
Anthocoris nemorum, Chrysopa carnea, Coccygomimus turionellae, Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri, Drino inconspicua, Encarsia formosa, Leptomastix dactylopii,
Opius sp., Phygadeuon trichops, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Syrphus
vitripennis, Triebogramma cacoeciae.The insecticides Dipel, Torque,
Dimilin, AAzomate, the fungicides Nimrod, Cercobin-M, Ortho Difolatan, Orthocid
83, Bayleton, Ronilan, Derosal, the herbicides Illoxan, Kerb 50 W and Semeron
were harmless to most of the beneficials tested and can be recommended for use
in integrated control programmes. The remaining 16 insecticides, 5 fungicides
and 5 herbicides were harmful or moderately harmful to most of the test
organisms. The further testing of these preparations using standard semi-field
or field test methods is recommended.
The
effect of the herbicide glyphosate on non-target spiders: Part II. Indirect
effects on Lepthyphantes tenuis in field margins
Author: Haughton, A. J.,
Bell, J. R., Boatman, N. D. and Wilcox, A.
Year: 2001
Pages: 1037-1042
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 57
Abstract: We have examined
the indirect effect of the herbicide glyphosate on the spider Lepthyphantes
tenuis in field margins. Glyphosate was applied to a randomised block
design field experiment comprising 360, 720 and 1440 g glyphosate AE ha−1
treatments and an unsprayed control. Spiders were sampled in each month from
June to October 1998. Spider abundance was significantly lower in all the
treatments than in the unsprayed control. Abundance was also significantly
lower in the 720 and 1440 g treatments than in the 360 g treatment. No
significant difference could be detected between the 720 and 1440 g treatments.
Poisson regression models showed that patterns of decline in L. tenuis
were related to increasing dead vegetation and decreasing vegetation height.
Glyphosate applications only had a within-season indirect habitat effect on
L. tenuis as field margins sprayed 16 months after an application of 360 g
glyphosate ha−1 showed no detrimental effect.
Susceptibility
of various stages of Trichogrammatoidea
armigera Nagaraja to some pesticides and effect of residues on survival and
parasitizing ability
Author: Jalali, S. K.
and Singh, S. P.
Year: 1993
Pages: 21-27
Journal: Biocontrol
Science and Technology
Volume: 3
Abstract: The toxicity,
persistence and effect on parasitism of 10 insecticides, eight fungicides and
one acaricide on Trichogrammatoidea
armigera Nagaraja, an egg parasitoid of a Helicoverpa armigera (Hb), were investigated in the laboratory and
under field conditions. At field recommended dosages, the fungicides
oxycarboxin, copperoxychloride, streptomycin sulphate + tetracycline
hydrochloride and 2bromo 2nitropropane1,3diol and the acaricide dicofol were
safe, while the insecticide phosalone and fungicide tridemorph were moderately toxic
to adults. All other insecticides tested, namely dimethoate, fenitrothion,
monocrotophos, phosphamidon, endosulfan, cypermethrin, decamethrin, fenvalerate
and fluvalinate, and the fungicides carbendazim, methyl thiophenate and
carboxin were toxic to adults. A high level of parasitism was recorded for all
fungicide treatments and for dicofol and fluvalinate. The larval stage of the
parasitoid was more tolerant than other stages. The residual toxicity of all
fungicides, and dicofol, did not affect the ability of the parasitoid to
parasitize its host, while the insecticides phosalone and fluvalinate were
slightly persistent, favouring 44.7% and 49.3% parasitism after 15 days.
Residues of dimethoate, decamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, monocrotophos
and phosphanidon were moderately persistent, while fenitrothion and endosulfan
were persistent.
Imidacloprid
increases egg production in Amblyseius victoriensis (Acari:
Phytoseidae).
Author: James, D. G.
Year: 1997
Pages: 75-82
Journal: Experimental and
Applied Acarology
Volume: 21
Abstract: The
chloronicotinyl insecticide, imidacloprid, recommended for aphid control in
Australian stone fruit orchards, was examined for its impact on survival and
egg production in Amblyseius victoriensis Womersley. Imidacloprid at the
field rate (0.0053% a.i.) was non-toxic, but repellent to A. victoriensis
in laboratory bioassays. Females treated with imidacloprid showed increased egg
production, producing 1.9–2.0 eggs per day compared with 1.3–1.6 eggs per day
for the untreated individuals. A population of A. victoriensis in an
apricot orchard was significantly reduced for 4 weeks following the application
of imidacloprid. However, the population recovered after 5–6 weeks and was
significantly larger (more than twice) than that in the untreated section of
the orchard during weeks 9–12. The imidacloprid-mediated enhancement of the
fecundity and population development of A. victoriensis is discussed
with respect to integration in existing biological control programmes in the
Australian stone fruit.
Fecundity
in twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) is increased by direct and
systemic exposure to imidacloprid.
Author: James, D. G. and
Price, T. S.
Year: 2002
Pages: 729-732
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 95
Abstract: The effect of
imidacloprid on fecundity in twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae
Koch, was investigated in laboratory experiments using individual females on
bean leaf discs. Mites were directly exposed to spray formulations of
imidacloprid or fed on discs cut from a systemically treated bean plant.
Imidacloprid-treated T. urticae produced 10–26% more eggs during the
first 12 d of adult life and 19–23% more during adulthood compared with a
water-only treatment. Increased egg production occurred immediately after
exposure and lasted for about 15 d in sprayed mites. In mites exposed to
imidacloprid by ingestion, increased egg production was not apparent until
after 6 d and lasted until about day 18. Longevity was significantly greater in
mites that ingested imidacloprid but not in sprayed mites. The significance and
importance of imidacloprid-stimulation of fecundity in T. urticae to
pest management in crop systems like hops, which routinely use this insecticide,
is discussed.
Effects
of organic-farming-compatible insecticides on four aphid natural enemy species
Author: Jansen, J. P.,
Defrance, T. and Warnier, A. M.
Year: 2010
Pages: 650-656
Journal: Pest Management
Science
Volume: 66
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The
toxicities of pyrethrins + rapeseed oil, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO),
potassium salts of fatty acids and linseed oil were assessed in the laboratory
on the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Destefani-Perez), the
ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.), the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.)
and the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst.). The methods selected
were residual contact toxicity tests on inert and natural substrates. RESULTS:
Both the pyrethrin products led to 100% mortality in the adult parasitic wasps
and ladybird larvae on glass plates and plants. The pyrethrins + PBO
formulation was toxic for B. lampros on sand and natural soil, but the
pyrethrins + rapeseed oil formulation was harmless for this species.
Insecticidal soaps were harmless for all these beneficial species. None of the
tested products significantly affected the parasitism of the onion fly pupae by
A. bilineata. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the potentially high
toxicity of natural pyrethrins for beneficial arthropods. Although this
toxicity needs to be confirmed in field conditions, the toxicity levels
obtained in the laboratory were similar to or higher than those of several
synthetic insecticides known to be toxic in the field. Insecticidal soaps could
be considered as an alternative for aphid control in organic farming in terms
of selectivity.
A
laboratory assessment of the toxic attributes of six 'reduced risk
insecticides' on Galendromus occidentalis
(Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Author: Lefebvre, M.,
Bostanian, N. J., Thistlewood, H. M. A., Mauffette, Y. and Racette, G.
Year: 2011
Pages: 25-30
Journal: Chemosphere
Volume: 84
Abstract: The modified
excised leaf disc method was used to measure the effects of six insecticides on
eggs, larvae, adults, and female fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis
(Nesbitt) in a 'worst case laboratory exposure'. This study identified
insecticides that would be recommended for tier II field evaluations for an
integrated pest management program. Commercially formulated insecticides were
applied with a thin-layer chromatography sprayer adjusted to 10.34 kPa
(1.5 psi), at the recommended label concentrations in Canada. LC50
values were estimated from aliquots above and below that concentration. Spinetoram
and spirotetramat were toxic at label concentrations. The label concentration
for spinetoram was 34.3-fold the LC50 estimate (0.006 g l-1)
and for spirotetramat the label concentration was 7.7-fold the LC50
estimate (0.03 g l-1). Clothianidin was considerably less toxic
and the label concentration was 0.15-fold the LC50 estimate
(2.29 g l-1). Estimates of LC50 for
novaluron and chlorantraniliprole could not be established. Both materials
showed slight toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Novaluron,
clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole should be evaluated in the field for
compatibility in IPM programs. Flubendiamide was harmless to all growth stages
and it is recommended for inclusion in IPM programs without additional tier II
field evaluations. Field evaluations with spinetoram and spirotetramat should
be pursued only if alternatives are unavailable.
A
laboratory method for evaluating the side-effects of pesticides on the cereal
aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (DeStefani-Perez)
Author: Mead-Briggs, M.
Year: 1992
Pages: 179-189
Journal: Aspects of
Applied Biology
Volume: 31
Abstract: Unavailable
Compatibility
of endoparasitoid Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
protected stages with five selected insecticides
Author: Medina, P.,
Morales, J. J., Budia, F., Adan, A., Del Estal, P. and Viñuela, E.
Year: 2007
Pages: 1789-1796
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 100
Abstract: Hyposoter
didymator (Thunberg) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a koinobiont
endoparasitoid that emerges from the parasitization of economically important
noctuid pests. H. didymator also is considered one of the most important
native biocontrol agents of noctuids in Spain. Side effects of five
insecticides with very different modes of action (fipronil, imidacloprid,
natural pyrethrins, piperonyl butoxide, pymetrozine, and triflumuron) at the
maximum field recommended rate in Spain were evaluated on H. didymator
parasitizing Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) larvae and pupae of the
endoparasitoid. Parasitized larvae were topically treated or ingested treated
artificial diet. Parasitoid cocoons were topically treated. Host mortality when
parasitized larvae were treated, as well as further development of the
parasitoid surviving (e.g., percentage of cocoons spun, adult emergence, hosts
attacked, and numbered progeny) were determined. Toxicity after treatment of
parasitized larvae differed depending on the mode of exposure and insecticide.
Fipronil was always highly toxic;
imidacloprid
killed all host insects by ingestion, but it was less toxic to both host and
parasitoids, when administered topically; natural pyrethrins, piperonyl
butoxide and triflumuron showed differing degrees of toxicity, and pymetrozine
was harmless. Parasitoid cocoons provided effective protection against all the
insecticides, except fipronil.
IPM-compatibility
of foliar insecticides for citrus: indices derived from toxicity to beneficial
insects from four orders
Author: Michaud, J. P.
and Grant, A. K.
Year: 2003
Pages: 18-28
Journal: Journal of
Insect Science
Volume: 3
Abstract: A series of
compounds representing four major pesticide groups were tested for toxicity to
beneficial insects representing four different insect orders: Coleoptera
(Coccinellidae), Hemiptera (Anthocoridae), Hymenoptera (Aphelinidae), and
Neuroptera (Chrysopidae). These materials included organophosphates
(methidathion, esfenvalerate and phosmet), carbamates (carbofuran, methomyl and
carbaryl), pyrethroids (bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, zeta-cypermethrin,
cyfluthrin and permethrin) and the oxadiazine indoxacarb. Toxicity to
coccinellid and lacewing species was assessed by treating 1st instar larvae
with the recommended field rate of commercial products, and two 10 fold
dilutions of these materials, in topical spray applications. Adult Aphytis
melinus Debach and 2nd instar Orius insidiosus (Say) were exposed to
leaf residues of the same concentrations for 24 h. ANOVA performed on composite
survival indices derived from these data resolved significant differences among
materials with respect to their overall toxicity to beneficial insects.
Cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin and zeta-cypermethrin all increased the developmental
time of the lacewing and one or more coccinellid species for larvae that
survived topical applications. Bifenthrin increased developmental time for two
coccinellid species and decreased it in a third. Indoxacarb (Avaunt® WG, DuPont
Corp.) ranked highest overall for safety to beneficial insects, largely because
of its low dermal toxicity to all species tested. Zeta-cypermethrin (Super
Fury®, FMC Corporation) received the second best safety rating, largely because
of its low toxicity as a leaf residue to A. melinus and O. insidiosus. Phosmet
(Imidan® 70W, Gowan Co.) and methidathion (Supracide® 25W, Gowan Co.) ranked
high for safety to coccinellid species, but compounds currently recommended for
use in citrus such as fenpropathrin (Danitol® 2.4EC, Sumimoto Chem. Co.) and
carbaryl (Sevin® XLR EC, Rhone Poulenc Ag. Co.) ranked very low for
IPM-compatibility based on their relatively high toxicity to all species
tested.
Sub-lethal
effects of a copper sulfate fungicide on development and reproduction in three
coccinellid species.
Author: Michaud, J. P.
and Grant, A. K.
Year: 2003
Pages: 1-6
Journal: Journal of
Insect Science
Volume: 3
Abstract: Copper-based fungicides
reliably control various foliar diseases in citrus production, although they
are suspected to exacerbate mite problems through various mechanisms. Studies
have shown negative effects of various copper formulations on entomopathogenic
fungi, nematodes, and parasitoids, but few have sought to measure its impact on
the biology of predatory insects. We exposed the larvae of three species of
ladybeetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to field rates of copper sulfate in
combination with petroleum oil, a formulation commonly applied in Florida
citrus. First instar larvae of Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Harmonia
axyridis Pallas, and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant received a 24 h exposure
to residues on Petri dishes, and another 24 h exposure in the third instar.
Treated larvae of all three species survived to adulthood at the same rate as
control larvae, but larvae of O. v-nigrum experienced a significant
increase in developmental time. Female adults of C. coeruleus and H.
axyridis receiving copper sulfate exposures as larvae did not differ from
control adults in pre-reproductive period, fecundity or fertility over ten days
of reproduction. Treated O. v-nigrum females had significantly longer
pre-reproductive periods than control females and laid significantly fewer
eggs, although egg fertility was equivalent. We conclude that copper-sulfate
fungicides are unlikely to disrupt biological control processes in citrus
groves that are mediated by these coccinellid beetles.
Identifying
signature of chemical applications on indigenous and invasive nontarget
arthropod communities in vineyards
Author: Nash, M. A.,
Hoffmann, A. A. and Thomson, L. J.
Year: 2010
Pages: 1693-1703
Journal: Ecological
Applications
Volume: 20
Abstract: Communities of
arthropods providing ecosystem services (e.g., pest control, pollination, and
soil nutrient cycling) to agricultural production systems are influenced by
pesticide inputs, yet the impact of pesticide applications on nontarget
organisms is normally evaluated through standardized sets of laboratory tests
involving individual pesticides applied to a few representative species. By
combining season-long pesticide applications of various insecticides and
fungicides into a metric based on the International Organization for Biological
and Integrated Control (IOBC) toxicity ratings, we evaluate season-long
pesticide impacts on communities of indigenous and exotic arthropods across 61
vineyards assessed for an entire growing season. The composition of arthropod
communities, identified mostly at the family level, but in some cases at the
species level, was altered depending on season-long pesticide use. Numbers of
mostly indigenous parasitoids, predatory mites, and coccinellids in the canopy,
as well as carabid/tenebrionid beetles and some spider families on the ground,
were decreased at higher cumulative pesticide metric scores. In contrast,
numbers of one invasive millipede species (Ommatoiulus moreletti Lucas, Julida: Julidae) increased
under higher cumulative pesticide metric scores. These changing community
patterns were detected despite the absence of broad-spectrum insecticide
applications in the vineyards. Pesticide effects were mostly due to indoxacarb
and sulphur, applied as a fungicide. The reduction of beneficial arthropods and
increase in an invasive herbivorous millipede under high cumulative pesticide
metric scores highlights the need to manage nontarget season-long pesticide
impacts in vineyards. A cumulative pesticide metric, based on lOBC toxicity
ratings, provides a way of assessing overall-toxicity effects, giving managers
a means to estimate and consider potential negative season-long pesticide
impacts on ecosystem services provided through arthropod communities.
Effect
of remnant vegetation, pesticides and farm management on abundance of the
beneficial predator Notonomus gravis
(Chaudoir) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Author: Nash, M. A.,
Thomson, L. J. and Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2008
Pages: 83-93
Journal: Biological
Control
Volume: 46
Abstract: Carabid beetles
are central to the biological control of arable crop pests, in particular
slugs. We evaluate three ways of potentially promoting predator numbers:
providing conservation strips adjacent to farmland, reducing the number of
deleterious chemical sprays and changing tillage practices. In providing
growers with management guidelines we also introduce a simple insecticide
metric, based on IOBC toxicity ratings, and application number, to assess the
biological impacts of agro-chemical usage. Sampling across 20 western Victorian
properties, along transects from adjacent remnant grasslands 200 m into arable
fields, was seasonally (February and March) biased to the dominant carabid
species. Effects of remnant grassland or crop varied among properties, but overall
there was a greater abundance of the carabid Notonomus gravis in remnant grasslands, with a reduction in
populations as the distance increased into the field. Ordination analyses
indicated structure in the predator communities, both in the field and remnant
environments, correlated to field chemical use, and tillage. This study
demonstrates that beneficial species respond to changes in agronomic practices
(e.g. tillage, insecticide) and growers can augment ecosystem services provided
by maintaining diverse environments.
Toxicity
of different pesticides to parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma.
Author: Navarjan, P.
Year: 1986
Pages: 423-432
Journal: Trichogramma and
Other Egg Parasitoids
Abstract: Unavailable
Dimethoate,
fenvalerate and their mixture affects Hylyphantes graminicolai (Araneae:
Linyphiidae) adults and their unexposed offspring
Author: Peng, Y., Shao,
X., Hose, G. C., Liu, F. and Chen, J.
Year: 2010
Pages: 343-351
Journal: Agricultural and
Forest Entomology
Volume: 12
Abstract: 1 Mixtures of
organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to combat
resistance in agricultural pests, although few studies have been conducted on
the effects of pesticide mixtures on beneficial nontarget organisms.
2 In the present
study, we exposed adult females (F0) of Hylyphantes graminicola
(Araneae: Linyphiidae) to fenvalerate, dimethoate and their commercially
available 1 : 1 mixture (by mass). We investigated the acute toxicity of these
pesticides to the
exposed adults,
as well as sublethal effects on reproduction and acetylcholinesterase and
carboxylesterase activity. We also studied the effects of parental exposure on
the size, development and enzyme activity of unexposed offspring.
3 All three
formulations were acutely toxic to H. graminicola, with synergism
between dimethoate and fenvalerate leading to greater toxicity in the 1 : 1
mixture than for the two insecticides alone. The sublethal effects of direct
pesticide exposure were a
reduction in
acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity and a reduction in the
number of egg sacs produced by exposed spiders relative to the control spiders.
The unexposed offspring of the fenvalerate and mixture exposed spiders were
smaller
and took longer
to mature than the control spiders. Offspring of all exposed spiders also had
significantly reduced carboxylesterase activity relative to control spiders.
4 We concluded
that the effects of parental exposure on the offspring were likely to increase
their susceptibility to future pesticide exposures, and reduce the capacity of
this spider to serve as a pest control agent.
Pesticide Properties Database
Author: PPDB
Year: 2009
URL:
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/
Toxicity
of selected insecticides to Trichogramma chilonis:
Assessing their safety in the rice ecosystem
Author: Preetha, G.,
Stanley, J., Suresh, S., Kuttalam, S. and Samiyappan, R.
Year: 2009
Pages: 209
Journal: Phytoparasitica
Volume: 37
Abstract: Nine
insecticides, namely, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole,
clothianidin, pymetrozine, ethofenprox, BPMC, endosulfan, acephate, and the
product Virtako® (Syngenta; chlorantraniliprole 20%+thiamethoxam 20%) were
tested to determine their toxicity to the parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis
using an insecticide-coated vial (scintillation) residue bioassay. All the
insecticides tested showed different degrees of toxicity to the parasitoid.
Thiamethoxam showed the highest toxicity to T. chilonis with an LC50
of 0.0014 mg a.i. l -1, followed by imidacloprid
(0.0027 mg a.i. l -1). The LC50 values of acephate
and endosulfan were 4.4703 and 1.8501 mg a.i. l -1, exhibiting
low toxicity when compared with other insecticides tested. Thiamethoxam was
found to be 3,195, 1,395 and 1,322 times more toxic than acephate,
chlorantraniliprole and endosulfan, respectively, as revealed by the LC50
values to T. chilonis. Based on risk quotient, which is the ratio between the
field-recommended doses and the LC50 of the beneficial, only
chlorantraniliprole was found to be harmless to T. chilonis. The
insecticides thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, Virtako®, ethofenprox and BPMC were
found to be dangerous to the parasitoid. Since T. chilonis is an
important egg parasitoid of leaf folders, reported to reduce the pest
population considerably and often released augmentatively in rice IPM programs,
the above noted dangerous chemicals should be avoided in the rice ecosystem.
Impact
of management intensity on mites (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in
southcentral Washington wine grapes.
Author: Prischmann, D.
A., James, D. G. and Snyder, W. E.
Year: 2005
Pages: 277-288
Journal: International
Journal of Acarology
Volume: 31
Abstract: In 2001 and
2002, grapevines in southcentral Washington were surveyed to assess taxonomic
composition, density, and phenology of spider mites and predaceous phytoseiid
mites. To determine how management intensity affected the mite fauna we
compared mite densities among, 1) non-managed grapevines not exposed to any
chemical input, 2) managed vineyards exposed to fungicides and herbicides, and
3) managed vineyards exposed to fungicides, herbicides, insecticides and
acaricides. Because the use of non-selective pesticides often results in higher
pest densities due to negative effects on predators, our hypothesis was that as
chemical input increased, spider mite densities would increase while densities
of phytoseiid mites would decrease. Tetranychus
mcdanieli McGregor was the most abundant spider mite in our samples. Spider
mite densities were lowest in sites receiving no chemical input, while spider
mite densities were similar in low and high input managed vineyards. Galendromus
occidentalis (Nesbitt) was the primary specialist-feeding phytoseiid mite
in our samples. There were no significant differences in specialist phytoseiid
mite densities among vineyards, regardless of management scheme. This suggests
that intensive vineyard management is having little impact on specialists,
perhaps in part due to the evolution of pesticide resistance among predator
populations in heavily managed vineyards. A guild of generalist phytoseiid
mites dominated non-managed sites, but was virtually absent from managed
vineyards, regardless of the intensity of chemical use. Tydeid mite densities
were higher on grapevines receiving no chemical input than in managed
vineyards. More robust populations of generalists in non-managed sites indicate
that intensive vineyard management has strong negative impacts on these
predators. However, conservation of generalists may be challenging for growers
to implement, because generalist densities were decimated even under the
least-chemically intensive management regime
The
negative effect of some selective insecticides on the functional response of a
potential biological control agent, the spider Philodromus cespitum
Author: Rëzáč, M.,
Pekár, S. and Stara, J.
Year: 2010
Pages: 503-510
Journal: BioControl
Volume: 55
Abstract: The impact of
five selective insecticides on the functional response of a potential
biological control agent, the spider Philodromus cespitum (Walckenaer)
(Araneae: Philodromidae), was studied in the laboratory. This spider is the
most abundant beneficial arthropod on trees in commercial orchards in central
Europe. We expected that selective insecticides applied at the recommended
doses would have no effect or a negligible effect on the spiders’ performance.
Our results showed that the mortality of spiders resulting from residual uptake
of the chemicals differed among insecticides. Dimilin, NeemAzal, Mospilan, and
Integro caused mortality of less than 10%, while SpinTor caused mortality of
17%. All five preparations can be considered harmless in terms of mortality in
comparison with Decis, which caused 80% mortality. Exposure to residues of
NeemAzal, SpinTor, and Dimilin resulted in a significantly lower predation rate
than the control. The lowest predation rate was observed in spiders treated
with SpinTor. These results imply that the natural pest control provided by P.
cespitum spiders can be weakened by the application of SpinTor, NeemAzal,
and Dimilin. On the other hand, the functional response was not significantly
affected by the application of Integro and Mospilan. Therefore, these two
insecticides are recommended for use in the integrated pest management (IPM) of
orchards.
Pesticide
Resistance in Arthropods.
Editors: Roush, R. T. and
Tabashnik, B. E.
Year: 1990
Book Pages: 303
Publisher: Chapman
and Hall New York
Abstract: Unavailable
Residual
toxicity of acaricides to Galendromus occidentalis and Phytoseiulus
persimilis reproductive potential
Author: Sáenz-de-Cabezón
Irigaray, F. J., Zalom, F. G. and Thompson, P. B.
Year: 2007
Pages: 153-159
Journal: Biological
Control
Volume: 40
Abstract: Understanding
the effects of pesticide residues on leaf surfaces through time on phytoseiid
mites is important to their successful integration into augmentation and/or
conservation programs. The residual toxicities of fenpyroximate (Fujimite®),
acequinocyl (Kanemite®), etoxazole (Zeal®), spiromesifen (Oberon®), bifenazate
(Acramite®) and abamectin (Agri-mek®) on leaflets to Galendromus
occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot
(Acari:Phytoseiidae) were assessed 3, 6, 10, 14, 17, 24, 30 and 37 days post
treatment. Impacts on mortality, fecundity and fertility were determined
following 3 days of exposure to each leaf surface residue interval. Percent
mortality and total effects (E) on adult female reproductive potential thus
measured were used to assess each acaricide's persistence. Based on mortality,
fenpyroximate was considered slightly (from 5 to 15 days) persistent for both
species by IOBC standards, while abamectin was also slightly persistent for P.
persimilis only. The remaining acaricides would be classified as short
lived (less than 5 days) for both species. Persistence classified by
considering E suggest that fenpyroximate and etoxazole would be the least
compatible with G. occidentalis and P. persimilis. Both were
persistent (longer than 30 days). Bifenazate and spiromesifen were slightly
persistent to both predators. Acequinocyl was slightly persistent to G.
occidentalis, but short lived to P. persimilis. Abamectin was
slightly persistent to P. persimilis, but short lived to G.
occidentalis. Consideration of both direct and side effects of these
acaricides will improve pesticide selection, enabling better conditions for
Phytoseiid conservation and augmentation.
Effects
of 67 herbicides and plant growth regulators on the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in the laboratory
Author: Samsøe-Petersen,
L.
Year: 1995
Pages: 95-104
Journal: Entomophaga
Volume: 40
Abstract: Effects of 67
herbicides — several of which were mixtures — and plant growth regulators on
adult females of the rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata, were investigated
in the laboratory. The pesticides were tested in concentrations equivalent to
the highest recommended dosages for practical use. Mortality, egg production
and hatch of the eggs were measured. Most herbicides had no serious effect on
any of the parameters recorded. Among the urea herbicides, however, several
showed adverse effects on egg production and/or hatch of the eggs laid. The
strongest effect was exerted by methabenzthiazuron that impeded hatch of the
eggs completely. Bromoxynil, pyridate and haloxyfod reduced survival, egg
production and/or egg hatch to some degree, while carbaryl, which is also used
as a plant growth regulator, killed all the beetles immediately. The usefulness
of dose-response-studies and the importance of measuring sublethal effects are
stressed, and the choice of herbicides showing no toxic effects is recommended.
Fate
and effects of esfenvalerate in agricultural ponds
Author: Samsøe-Petersen,
L., Gustavson, K., Madsen, T., Mogensen, B. B., Lassen, P., Skjernov, K.,
Christoffersen, K. and Jørgensen, E.
Year: 2001
Pages: 1570-1578
Journal: Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry
Volume: 20
Abstract: The fate of
esfenvalerate was investigated by sampling and chemical analysis after spraying
of an artificial pond (25 g a.i./ha) and in the laboratory with
[14C]esfenvalerate by trapping of 14CO2 and fractionation of the
sediment. The effects were investigated on pelagic communities in enclosures in
a natural lake and in the laboratory on surface (Cymatia coleoptrata)
and sediment (Chironomus riparius) insects. The latter were used in
sediment-plus-water and in water-only tests, measuring effects on emergence and
mortality. The measurements in the artificial pond indicated exposure
concentrations in the surface microlayer, water column, and sediment of 0.4
μg/L, 0.05 μg/L, and 9 μg/kg dry weight, respectively, two weeks after
application. The degradation studies showed a limited mineralization (26.5%) of
[chlorophenyl-14C]esfenvalerate during 112 d. Part of the substance was
transformed to water-soluble compounds (18.1%) or compounds attached to fulvic
acids (26.2%), humic acids (14.2%), or nonextractable sediment constituents
(8.8%). The formulated product Sumi-Alpha 5 FW® caused 100% mortality to
Cymatia coleoptrata after surface application of 0.13 g a.i./ha. Effects on
zooplankton were recorded at 0.005 μg/L of esfenvalerate. The 96-h median
lethal concentration for first-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius was
0.13 μg/L, whereas the delayed emergence lowest-observed-effect concentration
was 0.8 μg/L.
Susceptibility
of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, to insecticide residues
on apple leaves
Author: Shaw, P. W. and
Wallis, D. R.
Year: 2010
Pages: 55-59
Journal: New Zealand
Plant Protection
Volume: 63
Abstract: The European
earwig (Forficula auricularia) is potentially a predator of a number of
insect pests in apple orchards. However, its effectiveness as a natural enemy
in apple orchards may be compromised by insecticide sprays. A laboratory
bioassay of eight insecticides currently used in Integrated Fruit Production
(IFP) apple orchards and one as-yet unregistered product was undertaken to determine
their effects on earwigs. Adult earwigs were placed in ventilated containers
where they were exposed to insecticide residues on apple leaves and monitored
on four occasions over 10 days. Indoxacarb, thiacloprid, spinosad and diazinon
caused the greatest mortality to earwigs while carbaryl appeared to be less
harmful. Chlorantraniliprole, spirotetramat, emamectin benzoate and
methoxyfenozide caused no increased mortality of earwigs compared with the
control. Identification and avoidance of harmful insecticides may help to
enhance the potential of earwigs as natural enemies in apple orchards.
Effect
of selected pesticides on larval mortality of the neuropteran predator, Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins, of the lac
insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr)
Author: Singh, J. P.,
Jaiswal, A. K., Monobrullah, M. and Bhattacharya, A.
Year: 2010
Pages: 69-72
Journal: Journal of
Asia-Pacific Entomology
Volume: 13
Abstract: Laboratory
bioassays were carried out to evaluate the bioefficacy of some pesticides
against larval Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins, a lac insect predator, to
develop a suitable strategy for field management of this serious neuropteran
pest of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). Seven insecticides
(lambdacyhalothrin, carbosulfan, spinosad, indoxacarb, fipronil, alphamethrin
and ethofenprox) were identified based on field trials against the lac insect.
They were evaluated for their bioefficacy against C. lacciperda by
spraying the insect directly and by exposing the insect to a residual film.
Direct spray of lambdacyhalothrin (0.005 and 0.008% a.i.), carbosulfan (0.02
and 0.03% a.i.), fipronil (0.005 and 0.01% a.i.), alphamethrin (0.005 and 0.01%
a.i.), spinosad (0.02% a.i.), indoxacarb (0.02% a.i.), and ethofenprox (0.02%
a.i.) exhibited 100% mortality of C.
lacciperda within 24 h of treatment. Fipronil (0.005 and 0.01% a.i.)
and indoxacarb (0.02% a.i.) were equally effective as 100% mortality was
observed within 24 h of treatment with both modes of treatment. For most
insecticides, direct spray was more effective compared to residual films. It is
therefore, suggested that lambdacyhalothrin, carbosulfan, indoxacarb, spinosad,
fipronil, alphamethrin and ethofenprox shall be incorporated in IPM programs
for the effective management of this neuropteran predator of lac insect without
adversely affecting the lac insect.
Field
validation of laboratory-derived IOBC toxicity ratings for natural enemies in
commercial vineyards
Author: Thomson, L. J.
and Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2006
Pages: 507-515
Journal: Biological Control
Volume: 39
Abstract: Management of
pests and diseases remains a key issue for agricultural profitability and
environmental health. Moves towards sustainability require a reduction in
chemical toxicity loadings and conservation of natural enemies to maintain pest
control. There is a lot of information from laboratory tests regarding the
effects of chemicals on beneficial predators and parasitoids but very few
translations of these effects into field impacts particularly under commercial
conditions. To address this issue we calculated a chemical toxicity score for
19 commercial vineyards based on IOBC toxicity ratings and application number,
and compared this to extensive Weld collections to determine if natural enemy
populations can be related to predicted toxicity loadings. Invertebrates were
sampled four times during the growing season using canopy sticky traps and
ground level pitfall traps. Ordination analyses using non-metric
multidimensional scaling indicated community structure in vineyards correlated
to site chemical use, while principal components analyses identified the taxa
involved. One
ordination axis from canopy data and two axes from ground level data were
correlated to overall IOBC ratings for the vineyards. Principal components
analyses indicated that spiders, lacewings, carabids and parasitoids were all
affected by chemical use. IOBC rating based on laboratory studies therefore
correlated with chemical effects on field populations of natural enemies in
commercial vineyards where complexes of pesticides were applied. The use of
chemicals with low toxicity to beneficials as predicted by IOBC ratings will
contribute to preservation and maintenance of natural enemies in vineyard
ecosystems.
Ecologically
sustainable chemical recommendations for agricultural pest control?
Author: Thomson, L. J.
and Hoffmann, A. A.
Year: 2007
Pages: 1741-1750
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 100
Abstract: Effective pest
control remains an essential part of food production, and it is provided both
by chemicals and by natural enemies within agricultural ecosystems. These
methods of control are often in conflict because of the negative impact of
chemicals on natural enemies. There are already well-established approaches
such as those provided by the International Organization for Biological and
Integrated Control-Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms for testing, collecting,
and publishing information on responses of natural enemies to chemicals based
on laboratory responses of specific organisms; however, these tests do not
assess the cumulative impact of chemical inputs across an entire season or
consider impacts on the complex communities of natural enemies that can provide
effective pest control on a farm. Here, we explore the potential of different
approaches for assessing the impact of chemicals on agricultural ecosystems and
we propose a simple metric for sustainable chemical use on farms that minimizes
overall impact on beneficial groups. We suggest ways in which the effectiveness
of metrics can be extended to include persistence and habitat features. Such
metrics can assist farmers in developing targets for sustainable chemical use
as demonstrated in the viticultural industry.
Community
and species-specific responses of wild Bees to insect pest control programs
applied to a pollinator-dependent crop
Author: Tuell, J. K. and
Isaacs, R.
Year: 2010
Pages: 668-675
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 103
Abstract: Wild bee
conservation is regarded as essential for sustainable production of
pollinator-dependent crops, yet little is known about the effects on wild bee
communities of typical insect pest management programs used postbloom. We
developed an insecticide program risk (IPR) index to quantify the relative risk
to wild bees of insecticide programs applied to blueberry fields. This was used
to determine the relationship between IPR and the abundance, diversity, and
richness of wild bee communities sampled during three successive flowering
seasons. In 2 of 3 yr, bee abundance and species richness declined with
increasing IPR. Bee diversity declined with IPR in one of 3 yr. These results
indicate that wild bee communities are negatively affected by increasingly
intensive chemical pest management activities in crop fields and that interyear
variability in bee populations has the potential to mask such effects in
short-term studies. When several wild bee species were analysed separately, two
of three solitary and one of three social blueberry-foraging species declined
with increasing IPR values, suggesting that different life histories and
nesting habits may help some bee populations escape the negative effects of
insecticides applied after bloom. Pollinator conservation programs aimed
strictly at reducing insecticide use may have varying success, depending on the
biology of the target bee species. The IPR index provides a standard method to
compare pest management programs for their potential effect on wild bee
communities, with broad application for use in other agricultural systems.
Carryover
of imidacloprid and disulfoton in subsurface drip-irrigated hop.
Author: Wright, L. C.
and Cone, W. W.
Year: 1999
Pages: 59-64
Journal: Agricultural and
Urban Entomology
Volume: 16
Abstract: Unavailable
Inheritance
and synergisms of resistance to imidacloprid in the Colarado potato beetle
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
Author: Zhao, J. Z.,
Bishop, B. A. and Grafius, E. J.
Year: 2000
Pages: 1508-1514
Journal: Journal of
Economic Entomology
Volume: 93
Abstract: Colorado potato
beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), adults and larvae collected
from Long Island, NY, were 100.8 and 13.2 times more resistant to imidacloprid,
respectively, compared with a susceptible strain. This high level of resistance
appeared in only the third field season of imidacloprid use. Analysis of probit
lines from F1 reciprocal crosses indicated that resistance to imidacloprid in
adults was inherited autosomaly as an incompletely recessive factor. The degree
of dominance of the resistance was −0.23 and −0.10, respectively, 3 and 7 d
after treatment (incompletely recessive). The χ2 analysis of response ratio
statistics from F1 × susceptible back crosses compared with a monogenic model
suggested that more than one locus is responsible for resistance to
imidacloprid. Synergism studies with piperonyl butoxide suggested that
mixed-function oxidase mediated detoxification is responsible for the
resistance to imidacloprid in adults. Synergism studies with S,S,S-tributyl
phosphorotrithioate (DEF) indicated that esterase mediated detoxification may
be an additional resistance factor. Mixed-function oxidase mediated
detoxification is probably also one of the mechanisms of resistance to
imidacloprid in larvae. Because the synergists used did not completely
eliminate resistance in the resistant strain, there may be additional
mechanisms involved. Refugia and crop rotation decrease the frequency of
homozygous resistant genotypes and may be effective resistance management
strategies, because of the recessive nature of the resistance.
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